Our Crystal Z3 is progressing nicely and in this episode we want to reach the point where we can just say solver.assert 2 + Z3::IntSort[:x] == 4
.
It's also time to organize the code into multiple files. I usually like coding this way, just throw everything into one file at first, and only take things out as they stabilize a bit.
Code structure
I'll need to turn this into a proper Crystal "shard" at some point, but for now let's use this structure:
- z3.cr - main library
- z3/api.cr
Z3::API
- z3/bool_expr.cr -
Z3::BoolExpr
- z3/bool_sort.cr -
Z3::BoolSort
- z3/core_ext.cr -
Integer
hooks - z3/int_expr.cr -
Z3::IntExpr
- z3/int_sort.cr -
Z3::IntSort
- z3/libz3.cr -
Z3::LibZ3
- z3/model.cr -
Z3::Model
- z3/solver.cr -
Z3::Solver
- send_more_money.cr - solver program for
SEND + MORE == MONEY
As so much code moved around, I'll repeat all the code. I probably won't be doing this in future episodes, only focusing on what actually changed.
z3/libz3.cr
I added a few missing functions (for -
and /
):
module Z3
@[Link("z3")]
lib LibZ3
type Ast = Void*
type Config = Void*
type Context = Void*
type Model = Void*
type Solver = Void*
type Sort = Void*
type Symbol = Void*
enum LBool : Int32
False = -1
Undefined = 0
True = 1
end
# Just list the ones we need, there's about 700 API calls total
fun mk_add = Z3_mk_add(ctx : Context, count : UInt32, asts : Ast*) : Ast
fun mk_bool_sort = Z3_mk_bool_sort(ctx : Context) : Sort
fun mk_config = Z3_mk_config() : Config
fun mk_const = Z3_mk_const(ctx : Context, name : Symbol, sort : Sort) : Ast
fun mk_context = Z3_mk_context(cfg : Config) : Context
fun mk_distinct = Z3_mk_distinct(ctx : Context, count : UInt32, asts : Ast*) : Ast
fun mk_div = Z3_mk_div(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_eq = Z3_mk_eq(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_ge = Z3_mk_ge(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_gt = Z3_mk_gt(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_int_sort = Z3_mk_int_sort(ctx : Context) : Sort
fun mk_le = Z3_mk_le(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_lt = Z3_mk_lt(ctx : Context, a : Ast, b : Ast) : Ast
fun mk_mul = Z3_mk_mul(ctx : Context, count : UInt32, asts : Ast*) : Ast
fun mk_numeral = Z3_mk_numeral(ctx : Context, s : UInt8*, sort : Sort) : Ast
fun mk_solver = Z3_mk_solver(ctx : Context) : Solver
fun mk_string_symbol = Z3_mk_string_symbol(ctx : Context, s : UInt8*) : Symbol
fun mk_sub = Z3_mk_add(ctx : Context, count : UInt32, asts : Ast*) : Ast
fun model_to_string = Z3_model_to_string(ctx : Context, model : Model) : UInt8*
fun solver_assert = Z3_solver_assert(ctx : Context, solver : Solver, ast : Ast) : Void
fun solver_check = Z3_solver_check(ctx : Context, solver : Solver) : LBool
fun solver_get_model = Z3_solver_get_model(ctx : Context, solver : Solver) : Model
end
end
z3/api.cr
I'm not really sure about this naming. It just got missing functions (for -
and /
).
This file is getting big, and at some point I'd like to reduce all that copypasta code, but we have more important things to deal with first.
module Z3
module API
extend self
Context = LibZ3.mk_context(LibZ3.mk_config)
def mk_solver
LibZ3.mk_solver(Context)
end
def mk_numeral(num, sort)
LibZ3.mk_numeral(Context, num.to_s, sort)
end
def mk_const(name, sort)
name_sym = LibZ3.mk_string_symbol(Context, name)
var = LibZ3.mk_const(Context, name_sym, sort)
end
def mk_eq(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_eq(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_ge(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_ge(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_gt(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_gt(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_le(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_le(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_lt(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_lt(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_div(a, b)
LibZ3.mk_div(Context, a, b)
end
def mk_add(asts)
LibZ3.mk_add(Context, asts.size, asts)
end
def mk_mul(asts)
LibZ3.mk_mul(Context, asts.size, asts)
end
def mk_sub(asts)
LibZ3.mk_add(Context, asts.size, asts)
end
def mk_distinct(asts)
LibZ3.mk_distinct(Context, asts.size, asts)
end
def solver_assert(solver, ast)
LibZ3.solver_assert(Context, solver, ast)
end
def solver_check(solver)
LibZ3.solver_check(Context, solver)
end
def solver_get_model(solver)
LibZ3.solver_get_model(Context, solver)
end
def model_to_string(model)
String.new LibZ3.model_to_string(Context, model)
end
end
end
z3/solver.cr
Solver now does the model checks automatically, caches the model, and throws an exception (no special exception class) if you try to access it without checking the model, and model turns out to be unsatisfiable.
module Z3
class Solver
def initialize
@solver = API.mk_solver
@model = nil
@check = nil
end
def assert(expr)
@model = nil
@check = nil
API.solver_assert(@solver, expr._expr)
end
def check
@check = API.solver_check(@solver)
end
def model
@model ||= begin
check unless @check
raise "Model not satisfiable" unless @check == LibZ3::LBool::True
Model.new(API.solver_get_model(@solver))
end
end
end
end
z3/model.cr
This class will need a lot of work next, to extract data from the model.
module Z3
class Model
def initialize(model : LibZ3::Model)
@model = model
end
# This needs to go eventually
def to_s(io)
io << API.model_to_string(@model).chomp
end
end
end
z3/int_sort.cr
It got very interesting method self.[](expr : IntExpr)
, so we can now do Z3::IntSort[a] + Z3::IntSort[b]
and it will return an Z3::IntExpr
for a lot of different a
s and b
s:
module Z3
class IntSort
@@sort = LibZ3.mk_int_sort(API::Context)
def self.[](expr : IntExpr)
expr
end
def self.[](name : Symbol)
IntExpr.new API.mk_const(name.to_s, @@sort)
end
def self.[](v : Int)
IntExpr.new API.mk_numeral(v, @@sort)
end
end
end
z3/bool_sort.cr
The whole BoolSort
is a placeholder, but it will need similar treatment to what IntSort
got.
module Z3
class BoolSort
@@sort = LibZ3.mk_bool_sort(API::Context)
end
end
z3/int_expr.cr
The big change is that other
is just whatever sort[...]
accepts, so you can +
Int32
s, BigInt
s, or whatnot.
You can also pass Symbol
s. I'm not completely convinced if it's a a good idea or not (Ruby API doesn't do that), I'll leave it for now, maybe that's useful somehow?
A small change is adding -
and /
. At some point I'll go through the whole list and add all the remaining operators.
Another small change is marking _expr
as protected
. protected
is this weird concept which apparently almost every OOP language has, but it always means something completely unrelated. C++ protected
, Java protected
, Ruby protected
, Crystal protected
, not even remotely close.
module Z3
class IntExpr
def initialize(expr : LibZ3::Ast)
@expr = expr
end
def sort
IntSort
end
def ==(other)
BoolExpr.new API.mk_eq(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
def >=(other)
BoolExpr.new API.mk_ge(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
def >(other)
BoolExpr.new API.mk_gt(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
def <=(other)
BoolExpr.new API.mk_le(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
def <(other)
BoolExpr.new API.mk_lt(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
def *(other)
IntExpr.new API.mk_mul([@expr, sort[other]._expr])
end
def +(other)
IntExpr.new API.mk_add([@expr, sort[other]._expr])
end
def -(other)
IntExpr.new API.mk_sub([@expr, sort[other]._expr])
end
def /(other)
IntExpr.new API.mk_div(@expr, sort[other]._expr)
end
protected def _expr
@expr
end
end
end
z3/bool_expr.cr
It's basically a placeholder:
module Z3
class BoolExpr
def initialize(expr : LibZ3::Ast)
@expr = expr
end
def sort
BoolSort
end
protected def _expr
@expr
end
end
end
z3/core_ext.cr
I was worried about Crystal equivalent of Ruby #coerce
, but it went super smoothly:
abstract struct Int
def +(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] + other
end
def *(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] * other
end
def /(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] / other
end
def -(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] - other
end
def ==(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] == other
end
def >=(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] >= other
end
def >(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] > other
end
def <=(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] <= other
end
def <(other : Z3::IntExpr)
Z3::IntSort[self] < other
end
end
z3.cr
Main class for our library. I really love wildcard require, it's almost as good as Rails-style autoloading.
require "./z3/*"
module Z3
def Z3.distinct(args : Array(IntExpr))
BoolExpr.new API.mk_distinct(args.map(&._expr))
end
end
send_more_money.cr
I messed with the syntax a bit on purpose, to have some numbers on the left, and some on the right:
#!/usr/bin/env crystal
require "./z3"
# Setup library
solver = Z3::Solver.new
# Variables, all 0 to 9
vars = Hash(Symbol, Z3::IntExpr).new
%i[s e n d m o r e m o n e y].uniq.each do |name|
var = Z3::IntSort[name]
vars[name] = var
solver.assert 0 <= var
solver.assert 9 >= var
end
# m and s need to be >= 1, no leading zeroes
solver.assert vars[:m] >= 1
solver.assert vars[:s] >= 1
# all letters represent different digits
solver.assert Z3.distinct(vars.values)
# SEND + MORE = MONEY
send_sum = (
vars[:s] * 1000 +
vars[:e] * 100 +
vars[:n] * 10 +
vars[:d]
)
more_sum = (
vars[:m] * 1000 +
vars[:o] * 100 +
vars[:r] * 10 +
vars[:e]
)
money_sum = (
10000 * vars[:m] +
1000 * vars[:o] +
100 * vars[:n]+
10 * vars[:e]+
vars[:y]
)
solver.assert send_sum + more_sum == money_sum
# Get the result
puts solver.model
Story so far
All the code is in crystal-z3 repo.
Everything in this episode went amazingly smoothly. Not even a tiny issue.
Coming next
In the next episode we'll see how to extract data from the model, and maybe we can do a Sudoku solver.
Top comments (2)
Thank you again for these posts!
You post inspired me to improve the language: forum.crystal-lang.org/t/rfc-autom...
If we go with that route, you won't need those
_expr
methods anymore, and you won't even need thosemap(&._expr)
calls (as long as you use structs to wrap C values, which you might want to do anyway to avoid extra memory allocations for no real benefit): everything will work out of the box.Not sure I understand that whole proposal, however I'm not sure it would work for Z3:
In Ruby version,
*Expr
objects actually hold two values:Ast
(C pointer) andSort
(Ruby object). This is needed due to more complex sorts likeBitVectorSort(32)
vsBitVectorSort(64)
etc., which would be in the same Ruby class (BitVectorExpr
), but need to know what they are exactly.I did not do that yet, as there's only one BoolSort and only one IntSort, but it needs to happen at some point.
In principle we could ask Z3 for detailed sort data every time, so technically that's redundant, but that would be really messy.