Before we dive into Options, let's talk about the spell Prior Incantato. Prior Incantato is an incantation that reveals the last spell cast by a wand.
Let's represent a wand class that can cast spells.
// Collections available to us in Scala are immutable by default. If we want to store a value that can change, we explicitly declare it's mutability
import scala.collection.mutable
case class Wand() {
// A mutable collection that stores each spell cast by the wand.
val spellsCast: mutable.ListBuffer[Spell] = new mutable.ListBuffer[Spell]()
// A function that allows a wizard to cast a spell
def castSpell(spell:Spell) = {
// Store the spell
spellsCast.addOne(spell)
println("Cast spell!")
}
}
If we needed to cast the Prior Incantato spell on a wand, we might think of implementing a function like this:
def PriorIncantato(wand:Wand): Spell = {
wand.spellsCast.last
}
But wait, what would happen if we called priorIncantato on a wand that has never cast a spell.
val wand = Wand()
priorIncantato(wand)
We would probably expect something to go wrong if we tried this. Sure enough, we see a a runtime error:
scala> java.util.NoSuchElementException: last of empty ListBuffer
at scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer.last(ListBuffer.scala:343)
at .priorIncantato(<console>:2)
... 28 elided
We tried to access the last element of an empty list, and the Scala compiler was unhappy. Now there might be some temptation to just use null to fix this problem.
def priorIncantato(wand:Wand): Spell = {
if( wand.spellsCast.isEmpty)
null
else
wand.spellsCast.last
}
The code above would work just fine!
scala> val spell:Spell = priorIncantato(wand)
spell: Spell = null
But now, we have to remember that the val spell could potentially be null. If we tried to use it, we might encounter a frustrating NullPointerException.
scala> spell.getClass
java.lang.NullPointerException
... 28 elided
Scala's Option provides us with an abstraction for dealing with values that have the potential to be non-existent. Let's refactor the priorIncantato function.
// We explicitly state that the function optionally returns a spell
def priorIncantato(wand:Wand): Option[Spell] = {
// The lastOption function can be called on the ListBuffer. Instead of throwing a `NoSuchElementException`, the function will return None if the list is empty
wand.spellsCast.lastOption
}
Let's see what happens when we run this!
//call the priorIncantato function on a wand that has not cast any spells
scala> val spell = priorIncantato(wand)
spell: Option[Spell] = None
//try to find the name of the spell
scala> spell.getClass
res8: Class[_ <: Option[Spell]] = class scala.None$
Yay -- we don't have a runtime error anymore! We simply get back a class scala.None, which represents to None class.
Let's cast a spell with our wand, and then call the priorIncantato function:
scala> wand.castSpell(expelliarmus)
Cast spell!
scala> val spell = priorIncantato(wand)
spell: Option[Spell] = Some(Expelliarmus())
scala> spell.getClass
res7: Class[_ <: Option[Spell]] = class scala.Some
This time, the function returns Some(Expelliarmus()). The value stored in spell is an Instance of the Some class in scala.
Option is an abstract class in Scala, with two possible subclasses, Some or None.
- This means that the
priorIncantaton(wand:Wand): Option[Spell]function will return eitherSome(Spell)orNone. - In general, an
Option[A]can either beSome(A)orNone.
Options provide us with a handy way of representing missing values. Here are some other links that you might find interesting:
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