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Ryan Palo
Ryan Palo

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Advent of Code 2020 Solution Megathread - Day 10: Adapter Array

#adventofcode #challenge

We're now 40% of the way done. Almost halfway! You can make it! You can do it! I believe in you! Even if you fell off the sleigh, as they say, you can still get back in and go back for the ones you missed later. You got this!

The Puzzle

In todayโ€™s puzzle, the device that we so cleverly hooked into yesterday has run out of battery. We want to plug it in, but, because we're on vacation and we want to spice things up a bit, we want to use every single one of the adapters in our bag to get there. Complicated prompt, but sounds like a fun challenge!

The Leaderboards

As always, this is the spot where Iโ€™ll plug any leaderboard codes shared from the community.

Ryan's Leaderboard: 224198-25048a19
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If you want to generate your own leaderboard and signal boost it a little bit, send it to me either in a DEV message or in a comment on one of these posts and I'll add it to the list above.

Yesterdayโ€™s Languages

Updated 03:09PM 12/12/2020 PST.

Language Count
JavaScript 4
Rust 3
C# 1
Ruby 1
Haskell 1
C 1

Merry Coding!

Top comments (22)

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sleeplessbyte profile image
Derk-Jan Karrenbeld •

I didn't really have fun today. My final solution in Ruby took way too long to get too and doesn't feel like an accomplishment. Rather it's a Dynamic Programming trick you just have to know or see, but not something to derive at logically or interestingly.

The grunt work is O(n), the sort is O(n log n), so sorting the input becomes the "limiting" factor. YMMV.

require 'benchmark'

adapters = File.readlines('input.txt').map(&:to_i).sort
maximum_jolt = adapters.last + 3
adapters.push(maximum_jolt)

=begin
# For the example input, here is what is being calculated:

target:  options                   => total options
     1:  only 1 option (0 + 1)     => 1
     4:  only 1 option (1 + 3)     => 1
     5:  only 1 option (4 + 1)     => 1
     6:  either 4 + 2 or 5 + 1     => 2
     7:  6 + 1 or 5 + 2 or 4 + 3   => 2 (6) + 1 (5) + 1 (4)
    10:  only 1 option (7 + 3)     => 4
    11:  only 1 option (10 + 1)    => 4
    12:  either 10 + 2 or 11 + 1   => 4 (10) + 4 (11)
    15:  only 1 option 12 + 3      => 8
    16:  only 1 option 15 + 1      => 8
    19:  only 1 option 16 + 3      => 8
    22:  only 1 option 19 + 3      => 8
=end

Benchmark.bm do |x|
  x.report(:part_1) do
    jolt_groups = adapters
      .each_with_index
      .map do |adapter, index|
        adapter - (index > 0 ? adapters[index - 1] : 0)
      end
      .group_by(&:itself)

    puts jolt_groups[1].length * jolt_groups[3].length
  end

  x.report(:part_2) do
    # Track the number of options to get to a target jolt value
    # and default to 0. The first jolt value is 0, and can only
    # be reached in one way.
    options = Hash.new(0)
    options[0] = 1

    adapters.each do |target_jolts|
      options[target_jolts] = [1, 2, 3]
        .sum { |difference| options[target_jolts - difference] }
    end

    puts options[maximum_jolt]
  end
end
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nicklehmann profile image
Nick Lehmann •

Hey, thank you very much! Could you give me a hint on how this "trick" is called?

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sleeplessbyte profile image
Derk-Jan Karrenbeld •

Certainly. It's dynamic programming!

In this case, the problem can be broken down and simplified. We're not looking for the list of combinations. We are looking for the total number of options to build a valid connection between start (0) and end (max + 3).

For each adapter the following is true:

The number of paths to get to this adapter from the start is equal to the sum of the number of paths to get from the previous adapter to this one.

That means that this problem can be reduced. You can walk the list from start to end or end to start and only answer the question: paths to / paths from this adapter.

Storing the intermediate outcome is a typical dynamic programming this.

  • Determine number of paths between start and first adapter (always 1). Store it. 
1:  only 1 option (0 + 1)     => 1
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Stored is the value 1 (ways to get to this index) on the index 1 (the joltage of the first adapter):

[1]
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  • Determine number of paths between the second - 1 and second - 2 adapters. This is the total number of paths from start to the second adapter. Store it. 
4:  only 1 option (1 + 3)     => 1

4 - 1: 0
4 - 2: 0
4 - 3: 1
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Stored at index 4 (joltage) is the number of paths to this index: ways to joltage 4 - 3 plus ways to joltage 4 - 2 plus ways to joltage 4 - 1.

[1, 0, 0 , 0,1]
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  • Determine number of paths between the third - 1, third - 2 and third - 3 adapters. The sum is the total number of paths from start tot the third adapter. Store it. 
5:  only 1 option (4 + 1)     => 1

5 - 1: 1
5 - 2: 0
5 - 3: 0
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Stored at index 5 (joltage) is the number of paths to this index: ways to joltage 5 - 3 plus ways to joltage 5 - 2 plus ways to joltage 5 - 1.

[1, 0, 0 , 0, 1, 1]
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  • Determine number of paths between the fourth - 1, fourth - 2 and fourth - 3 adapters. The sum is the total number of paths from start tot the fourth adapter. Store it. 
6:  either 4 + 2 or 5 + 1     => 2

6 - 1: 1
6 - 2: 1
6 - 3: 0
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As you can see, here is where it becomes interesting. By storing the ways to get to a joltage in the array, when we need it's รฉvaluรฉs, it doesn't need to calculate or worse, recalculate those values.

[1, 0, 0 , 0, 1, 1, 2]
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This is what is key in Dynamic Programming. You store intermediate results so that you don't need to do the work again. A classic example is solving Fibonacci.

You may want to solve it recursively, but the problem with doing that without memorisation step is that you'll be calculating the same values over and over. Instead, because each fib(n) equals fib(n-1) + fib(n-2), the pair input and output can reduce the recursive complexity of
O(2^n) to O(n). Each term is only considered once, instead of many many many times.

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nicklehmann profile image
Nick Lehmann • • Edited

Oh wow, thank you very much ๐Ÿš€ Really didn't expect such a lengthy, comprehensible answer. So, thank you very much again! Just thought it's a special technique one could look up and practice but I guess I just have to look into dynamic programming again ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿป

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sleeplessbyte profile image
Derk-Jan Karrenbeld •

Yeah. Once you do a series of solutions using Dynamic Programming, you'll get a feel for it!

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honi profile image
Joni Bekenstein •

Thanks for the clear explanation Derk-Jan Karrenbeld!

Here is my implementation in Python:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import sys


if __name__ == '__main__':
    adapters = list(sorted(map(int, sys.stdin.read().strip().split('\n'))))
    adapters = [0] + adapters
    valid_arrangements = [1] * len(adapters)
    for index in range(1, len(adapters)):
        valid_arrangements[index] = sum(
            valid_arrangements[src_index]
            for src_index in range(max(0, index - 3), index)
            if adapters[index] - adapters[src_index] <= 3
        )
    print(valid_arrangements[-1])
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mgasparel profile image
Mike Gasparelli •

Another day where I solved Part1 and had to go back to rewrite it when Part2 came around!

My insight was that you could count the length of the sequences of 1 joltage deltas, and use that to derive the number of possible combinations. Unfortunately, I wasn't able to figure out the general formula for sequenceLength->permutations, and had to hardcode the table ๐Ÿ˜ฃ

Part 1 

        public override long SampleAnswer => 220;

        public override IEnumerable<int> ParseInput(string rawInput)
            => rawInput
                .Split(Environment.NewLine)
                .Where(line => line.Length > 0)
                .Select(line => int.Parse(line));

        public override long Solve(IEnumerable<int> input)
        {
            var deltas = GetDeltas(input.OrderBy(x => x).ToArray());
            return deltas.Count(x => x == 1) * deltas.Count(x => x == 3);
        }

        protected int[] GetDeltas(int[] values)
        {
            var deltas = new int[values.Length + 1];
            for (var i = 1; i < values.Length; i++)
            {
                deltas[i] = values[i] - values[i - 1];
            }

            deltas[0] = values[0];        // joltage between outlet and first adapter.
            deltas[values.Length] = 3;    // joltage between last adapter and device.

            return deltas;
        }
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Part 2 

    public class Part2 : Part1
    {
        public override long SampleAnswer => 19208;

        public override long Solve(IEnumerable<int> input)
        {
            int[] deltas = GetDeltas(input.OrderBy(x => x).ToArray());

            return  GetContiguousOnesCounts(deltas)
                .Aggregate(1L, (sum, cur) => sum *= PossibleCombinations(cur));
        }

        IEnumerable<int> GetContiguousOnesCounts(IEnumerable<int> deltas)
        {
            int contiguousOnes = 0;
            foreach(var delta in deltas)
            {
                if (delta == 1)
                {
                    contiguousOnes++;
                    continue;
                }

                if (contiguousOnes == 0)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                yield return contiguousOnes;
                contiguousOnes = 0;
            }
        }

        long PossibleCombinations(int seqLength)
            => seqLength switch
            {
                1 => 1,
                2 => 2,
                3 => 4,
                4 => 7,
                5 => 13,
                6 => 22,
                _ => 0
            };
    }
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kudostoy0u profile image
Kudos Beluga • • Edited

Part 1 minified javascript solution:

let t=require("fs"),e=[];t.readFile("input.txt","utf8",(t,l)=>{if(t)throw t;for(i in l=l.split("\n").map(t=>Number(t)).sort((t,e)=>t-e))e.push(l[parseInt(i)+1]-l[i]);console.log((e.filter(t=>3==t).length+1)*(e.filter(t=>1==t).length+1))})
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Here it is in normal beauty:

let fs = require("fs"),
    arr = [];
fs.readFile("input.txt", "utf8", (err, data) => {
    if (err) throw err;
    data = data.split("\n").map(e => Number(e)).sort((a, b) => a - b);
    for (i in data) {
        arr.push(data[parseInt(i) + 1] - data[i]);
    }
    console.log((arr.filter(e => e == 3).length + 1) * (arr.filter(e => e == 1).length + 1));
})
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Posting part2 soon!

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neilgall profile image
Neil Gall •

Bit of a mad mix of imperative and functional programming for me today. I hate calculating permutations.

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::prelude::*;


// --- file read

fn read_file(filename: &str) -> std::io::Result<String> {
    let mut file = File::open(filename)?;
    let mut contents = String::new();
    file.read_to_string(&mut contents)?;
    Ok(contents)
}

fn parse_input(input: &str) -> Vec<i64> {
    input.split_ascii_whitespace().map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect()
}

// --- problems

fn differences(xs: &[i64]) -> Vec<i64> {
    let mut diffs = vec![];
    let mut ixs = xs.iter();
    let mut prev = ixs.next().unwrap();
    while let Some(next) = ixs.next() {
        diffs.push(next - prev);
        prev = next;
    }
    diffs
}

fn distribution(xs: &[i64]) -> HashMap<i64, usize> {
    let mut dist = HashMap::new();
    for next in xs.iter() {
        let count = dist.get(next).unwrap_or(&0) + 1;
        dist.insert(*next, count);
    }
    dist
}

fn adapter_order(adapters: &[i64]) -> Vec<i64> {
    let mut ordered = adapters.to_vec();
    ordered.push(0);
    ordered.push(*adapters.iter().max().unwrap() + 3);
    ordered.sort();
    ordered
}

fn adapter_permutations(adapters: &[i64]) -> usize {
    differences(&adapter_order(adapters)).iter().fold((1, 0), 
        |(permutations, ones), diff|
            if *diff == 1 {
                (permutations, ones+1)
            } else { 
                match ones {
                    0 => (permutations, 0),
                    1 => (permutations, 0),
                    2 => (permutations * 2, 0),
                    3 => (permutations * 4, 0),
                    _ => (permutations * ((1 << (ones-1)) - 1), 0)
                }
            }
        ).0
}

fn part1(adapters: &Vec<i64>) -> Option<usize> {
    let dist = distribution(&differences(&adapter_order(adapters)));
    dist.get(&1).and_then(|ones|
        dist.get(&3).map(|threes| ones * threes)
    )
}

fn part2(adapters: &Vec<i64>) -> usize {
    adapter_permutations(adapters)
}   


fn main() {
    let input = read_file("./input.txt").unwrap();
    let adapters = parse_input(&input);
    println!("part1 {:?}", part1(&adapters));
    println!("part2 {:?}", part2(&adapters));
}


#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_parser() {
        assert_eq!(parse_input("1 2 3 4"), vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(parse_input("15\n16\n0\n99"), vec![15, 16, 0, 99]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_adapter_order() {
        let adapters = vec![16,10,15,5,1,11,7,19,6,12,4];
        let ordered = adapter_order(&adapters);
        assert_eq!(ordered, vec![0,1,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,15,16,19,22]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_differences() {
        let sequence = vec![0,1,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,15,16,19,22];
        assert_eq!(differences(&sequence), vec![1,3,1,1,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_distribution_of_diffs() {
        let sequence = vec![0,1,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,15,16,19,22];
        let distribution = distribution(&differences(&sequence));
        assert_eq!(distribution.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(distribution.get(&1), Some(&7));
        assert_eq!(distribution.get(&3), Some(&5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_part1_example_1() {
        let adapters = vec![16,10,15,5,1,11,7,19,6,12,4];
        assert_eq!(part1(&adapters), Some(35));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_part1_example_2() {
        let adapters = vec![28,33,18,42,31,14,46,20,48,47,24,23,49,45,19,38,39,11,1,32,25,35,8,17,7,9,4,2,34,10,3];
        assert_eq!(part1(&adapters), Some(220));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_adapter_permutations_example_1() {
        let adapters = vec![16,10,15,5,1,11,7,19,6,12,4];
        assert_eq!(adapter_permutations(&adapters), 8);        
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_adapter_permutations_example_2() {
        let adapters = vec![28,33,18,42,31,14,46,20,48,47,24,23,49,45,19,38,39,11,1,32,25,35,8,17,7,9,4,2,34,10,3];
        assert_eq!(adapter_permutations(&adapters), 19208);        
    }
}
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_bigblind profile image
Frederik ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ปโžก๏ธ๐ŸŒ Creemers •

My Elixir solution:

defmodule Adapters do
  def getSortedAdapters() do
    {:ok, text} = File.read("10.txt")
    lines = String.split(text, "\n")
    lines = List.delete_at(lines, length(lines)-1) # remove empty line
    joltages = Enum.map(lines, &String.to_integer/1)
    Enum.sort(joltages)
  end

  def round1() do
    adapters = getSortedAdapters()
    {ones, threes, _prev} = Enum.reduce(adapters, {0, 0, 0}, fn (x, {ones, threes, prev}) ->
      cond do
        (x - prev) == 1 ->
          {ones + 1, threes, x}
        (x - prev) == 3 ->
          {ones, threes + 1, x}
        true ->
          {ones, threes, x}
      end
    end)
    threes = threes + 1 # hop from the last adapter to the built-in one
    IO.puts("#{ones} * #{threes} = #{ones * threes}")
  end

  def count_connections_upto(current, sofar) do
    IO.puts(current)
    sofar
      |> Enum.take_while(fn {adapter, _ways} -> adapter >= (current - 3) end)
      |> Enum.map(fn {_adapter, ways} -> ways end )
      |> Enum.sum()
  end

  def count_connections(adapters, sofar) do
    [current | remaining] = adapters

    n = count_connections_upto(current, sofar)
    if length(remaining) > 0 do
      count_connections(remaining, [{current, n} | sofar])
    else
      n
    end
  end

  def round2() do
    adapters = getSortedAdapters()
    IO.puts(count_connections(adapters, [{0, 1}]))
  end
end

Adapters.round2()
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rpalo profile image
Ryan Palo •

Did a bit of tricky business after looking over the test cases and my input. Linear time with no recursion.

Because the numbers in my input were either 3 or 1 apart, never 2, and there were never more than 4 1's in a row before a 3, I pre-calculated the # of possibilities each of the possible patterns generated and then multiplied together to find all possible combinations.

3 - 3 (e.g. 4, 7, 10) => only 1 possible configuration
3 - 1 - 3 (e.g. 4, 7, 8, 11) => only 1 possible configuration
3 - 1 - 1 - 3 (e.g. 4, 7, 8, 9, 12) => 2 possible configurations (drop the middle number or don't)
3 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 (e.g. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13) => 4 possible configurations (2 each for 8 and 9)
3 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 (e.g. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14) => 7 possible configurations (at least one of 8, 9, 10 must be present, so 2^3 - 1 since dropping all 3 not an option)
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Then I rolled through the list producting up all the values for each "cell" of ones. The only thing I had an issue with is that I didn't think about the fact that the result was going to be a long long int, so I chased my tail printing out regular ints for a while even though my algorithm was right.

Also, TIL that C has a build-in sorting function called qsort!

#include "Day10.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include "parsing.h"

/// Day 10: Adapter Array
///
/// Use power adapters to calculate "joltage" jumps from connection
/// to connection.

/// In a sorted array of adapters, return the number of jumps of size 1
/// multiplied by the jumps of size 3.

/// Parse the input file, one number per line into a list of integers.
static int* parse(const char* filename, int* count) {
  FILE* fp;
  fp = fopen(filename, "r");
  if (fp == NULL) {
    printf("Couldn't open file.\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  *count = count_lines(fp);

  // It's going to be easier if we manually attach our outlet and device
  *count += 2;
  int* numbers = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * *count);

  numbers[0] = 0;
  numbers[*count - 1] = 4 * *count; // Something so huge goes to the end.
  for (int i = 1; i < *count - 1; i++) {
    char buf[5] = {0};
    fgets(buf, 5, fp);
    numbers[i] = atoi(buf);
  }

  fclose(fp);
  return numbers;
}

/// Integer comparison function for qsort.
int cmp(const void* a, const void* b) {
  return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}

int part1(const char* filename) {
  int count = 0;
  int* numbers = parse(filename, &count);

  qsort(numbers, count, sizeof(int), cmp);
  numbers[count - 1] = numbers[count - 2] + 3;

  int ones = 0;
  int threes = 0;

  for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
    int jump = numbers[i] - numbers[i - 1];
    if (jump == 1) ones++;
    else if (jump == 3) threes++;
  }

  free(numbers);
  return ones * threes;
}

/// How many possibilities does a group of continuous ones yield?
static int pattern_to_variants(int ones) {
  switch (ones) {
    case 0: return 1;
    case 1: return 1;
    case 2: return 2;
    case 3: return 4;
    case 4: return 7;
    default:
      printf("Crap, didn't account for > 4 ones.\n");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
}

/// Count the number of distinct arrangements of adapters that
/// would still work.
long long int part2(const char* filename) {
  int count = 0;
  int* numbers = parse(filename, &count);

  qsort(numbers, count, sizeof(int), cmp);
  numbers[count - 1] = numbers[count - 2] + 3;

  int ones = 0;
  long long int product = 1;

  for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {  
    int jump = numbers[i] - numbers[i - 1];
    if (jump == 1) {
      ones++;
    } else if (jump == 3) {
      product *= pattern_to_variants(ones);
      ones = 0;
    } else {
      printf("Crap, this doesn't work for jumps of 2.\n");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
  }
  return product;
}

/// Run both parts.
int day10() {
  printf("====== Day 10 ======\n");
  printf("Part 1: %d\n", part1("data/day10.txt"));
  printf("Part 2: %lli\n", part2("data/day10.txt"));
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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craigontour profile image
craigontour •

I also use Ruby (if I have time try to replicate in Python for learning) and found part 1 ok.

 input = File.read('day10.txt').split("\n").map(&:to_i).sort!.insert(0, 0)
 input.push(input[-1]+3)

 puts "Part 1:"
 puts (0...(input.length-1)).each
                            .map { |a| input[a+1]-input[a] }
                            .group_by { |n| n }
                            .map { |e, v| v.length }
                            .reduce(:*)
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But Part 2 stumped me. I got the general gist of the problem, but couldn't get started on a solution.

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daringjoker profile image
Pukar Giri • • Edited

heres the solution in python for both part1 and 2 :

data=""
with open("input9.txt","r") as infile:
    data=infile.read().strip()
numbers=list(map(int, data.split("\n")))
numbers=sorted(numbers)
diff3=0
diff1=0
numbers.append(numbers[-1]+3)
numbers=[0]+numbers
memory=[1]
def no_of_paths(n):
    s=0
    for x in range(n-1,-1,-1):
        if(numbers[n]-numbers[x]<=3):s+=memory[x]
        else:   break
    return s
for x in range(1,len(numbers)):
    memory.append(no_of_paths(x))
    diff=numbers[x]-numbers[x-1]
    if(diff==1):diff1+=1
    elif(diff==3):diff3+=1
print("1. ans = ",diff3*diff1)
print("2. ans =",memory[-1])
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dirkfraanje profile image
Dirk Fraanje (the Netherlands) •

C# solution part 1.
Execution time: 0ms, 235 ticks, the quickest so far :)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace AdventOfCode2020
{
    static class Day10
    {

        static int counterDif1 = 0;
        static int counterDif3 = 0;
        static List<int> input;

        public static void Execute()
        {
            input = File.ReadAllLines("//inputfile.txt").Select(r=> int.Parse(r)).ToList();

            //Added a imer just for fun
            var timer = new Stopwatch();
            timer.Start();

            input.Insert(0, 0);
            input.Sort();
            for (int i = input.Count-1; i >= 1; i--)
            {
                var dif = input[i] - input[i-1];
                if (dif == 1)
                    counterDif1++;
                else if (dif == 3)
                    counterDif3++;
                else
                    throw new Exception($"{dif}");
            }
            //Finally add the last adapter to your device
            counterDif3++;

            timer.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine($"1 jolts difference: {counterDif1} ");
            Console.WriteLine($"3 jolts difference: {counterDif3} ");
            Console.WriteLine($"1-jolts multiplied by 3-jolts: {counterDif1 * counterDif3}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Executed in: {timer.ElapsedMilliseconds} milliseconds, {timer.ElapsedTicks} ticks");
        }


    }
}
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`

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benwtrent profile image
Benjamin Trent •

Took me a while to figure out. I was initially going down some path finding algorithm. But after looking at it a while It started to look like some dynamic programming/combinatorics.

Took me a while to get the actual equation down but finally did it.
input is with 0 and max + 3 already added.

#[aoc(day10, part1)]
fn the_path(input: &Vec<usize>) -> usize {
    let mut one_count = 0;
    let mut three_count = 0;
    for (i, v) in input[..input.len() - 1].iter().enumerate() {
        let diff = ((*v) as i32 - (input[i + 1]) as i32).abs() as usize;
        if diff == 1 {
            one_count += 1;
        } else if diff == 3 {
            three_count += 1;
        }
    }
    one_count * three_count
}

#[aoc(day10, part2)]
fn all_combinations(input: &Vec<usize>) -> usize {
    let mut the_ways = HashMap::new();
    // Only one way to get to 0 or 1
    the_ways.insert(0, 1);
    the_ways.insert(1, 1);
    for &v in &input[2..] {
        let mut val = the_ways.get(&(v - 1)).unwrap_or(&0) + the_ways.get(&(v - 2)).unwrap_or(&0);
        if v > 2 {
            val += the_ways.get(&(v - 3)).unwrap_or(&0);
        }
        the_ways.insert(v, val);
    }
    *the_ways.get(input.last().unwrap()).unwrap()
}
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