Memento

Memento is one of the Behavioural Design patterns that allows an object to save and restore its previous state without exposing its internal structure.
This is useful when you want to provide a redo/undo feature in your application, another example will be restoring different commit versions in the repository in git.

Key participants in the memento pattern
Originator: The object whose state needs to be saved.
Memento: An object that acts as a Snapshot of the Originator's state.
CareTaker: The Object responsible for keeping the memento safe, but it does not modify or inspect the state of the memento object.

Originator

public class Originator{
    private String state; // could be any data, string, Wrapper classes or custom objects as well
    public Originator(){}

    public void updateState(String s){
        this.state = s;
    }
    public String getCurrentState(){
        return this.state;
    }
    public Memento saveStateToMemento(){
        return new Memento(this.state);
    }
    public void getStateFromMemento(Memento memento){
        this.state = memento.getState();
    }
}

Memento

public class Memento {
    private String state;
    public Memento(String state){
        this.state = state;
    }
    public String getState(){
        return this.state;
    }
}

CareTake


public class CareTaker {
    private List<Memento> mementos;

    public CareTaker(){
        mementos = new ArrayList<>();
    }
    public void add(Memento memento){
        this.mementos.add(memento);
    }
    public Memento get(int index){
        return this.mementos.get(index);
    }
}

Main

public class Main {
    public static void main(String args[]){
        Originator originator = new Originator();
        CareTaker careTaker = new CareTaker();
        originator.updateState("state #1");
        originator.updateState("state #2");
        //save current state in memento and store memento in caretake
        careTaker.add(originator.saveStateToMemento());// one state is saved

        originator.updateState("state #3");
        //save current state in memento and store memento in caretake
        careTaker.add(originator.saveStateToMemento());

        originator.updateState("state #4");
         //current state of originator
         System.out.println("current state : "+originator.getCurrentState());
        //first snapshot of state
        originator.getStateFromMemento(careTaker.get(0));
        System.out.println("first snapshot/saved state: "+ originator.getCurrentState());
        //second snapshot of state
        originator.getStateFromMemento(careTaker.get(1));
        System.out.println("second snapshot/saved state: "+originator.getCurrentState());


    }
}

Output:

current state: state #4
first snapshot/saved state: state #2
second snapshot/saved state: state #3

Key points

Similar to the above state (String), any type of state can be wrapped in a memento object and saved in the caretaker list.
Encapsulation of State: The pattern encapsulates the state and prevents clients from directly manipulating it.
Undo Mechanism: It helps implement undo/redo operations without revealing the internal workings of the object.

Drawbacks
Memory Usage: Storing states can consume a lot of memory, especially if the object state is large or many states are saved.
Complexity: Managing multiple states can become complex if not designed carefully.