1.Optional Chaining (?.):
Optional chaining allows you to safely access nested properties or methods without worrying about null or undefined values. It short-circuits the evaluation if any intermediate property is null or undefined.
const user = {
name: 'John',
address: {
city: 'New York',
postalCode: '12345'
}
};
const postalCode = user.address?.postalCode;
console.log(postalCode); // Output: 12345
const invalidCode = user.address?.postalCode?.toLowerCase();
console.log(invalidCode); // Output: undefined
2.Nullish Coalescing Operator (??):
The nullish coalescing operator provides a default value when a variable is null or undefined.
const name = null;
const defaultName = name ?? 'Unknown';
console.log(defaultName); // Output: Unknown
const age = 0;
const defaultAge = age ?? 18;
console.log(defaultAge); // Output: 0
3.Type Assertion:
Type assertion allows you to explicitly define the type of a variable when TypeScript is unable to infer it.
const userInput: unknown = 'Hello World';
const strLength = (userInput as string).length;
console.log(strLength); // Output: 11
4.Generics:
Generics enable you to create reusable components that can work with a variety of types.
function reverse<T>(items: T[]): T[] {
return items.reverse();
}
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const reversedNumbers = reverse(numbers);
console.log(reversedNumbers); // Output: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
const strings = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
const reversedStrings = reverse(strings);
console.log(reversedStrings); // Output: ['c', 'b', 'a']
5.keyof Operator:
The keyof operator returns a union of all known property names of a given type.
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
}
function getUserProperty(user: User, property: keyof User) {
return user[property];
}
const user: User = {
id: 1,
name: 'John Doe',
email: 'john@example.com'
};
const name = getUserProperty(user, 'name');
console.log(name); // Output: John Doe
const invalidProperty = getUserProperty(user, 'age'); // Error: Argument of type '"age"' is not assignable to parameter of type '"id" | "name" | "email"'
6.Type Guards:
Type guards allow you to narrow down the type of a variable within a conditional block, based on a certain condition.
function logMessage(message: string | number) {
if (typeof message === 'string') {
console.log('Message: ' + message.toUpperCase());
} else {
console.log('Value: ' + message.toFixed(2));
}
}
logMessage('hello'); // Output: Message: HELLO
logMessage(3.14159); // Output: Value: 3.14
7.Intersection Types:
Intersection types allow you to combine multiple types into a single type, creating a new type that has all the properties and methods of the intersected types.
interface Loggable {
log: () => void;
}
interface Serializable {
serialize: () => string;
}
type Logger = Loggable & Serializable;
class ConsoleLogger implements Loggable {
log() {
console.log('Logging to console...');
}
}
class FileLogger implements Loggable, Serializable {
log() {
console.log('Logging to file...');
}
serialize() {
return 'Serialized log data';
}
}
const logger1: Logger = new ConsoleLogger();
logger1.log(); // Output: Logging to console...
const logger2: Logger = new FileLogger();
logger2.log(); // Output: Logging to file...
console.log(logger2.serialize()); // Output: Serialized log data
8.Mapped Types:
Mapped types allow you to create new types by transforming the properties of an existing type.
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
}
type PartialUser = { [K in keyof User]?: User[K] };
const partialUser: PartialUser = {
name: 'John Doe',
email: 'john@example.com'
};
console.log(partialUser); // Output: { name: 'John Doe', email: 'john@example.com' }
9.String Literal Types and Union Types:
TypeScript supports string literal types and union types, which can be used to define specific sets of values for a variable.
type HttpMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE';
function sendRequest(url: string, method: HttpMethod) {
// send request logic here...
}
sendRequest('/users', 'GET');
sendRequest('/users', 'POST');
sendRequest('/users/1', 'PUT');
sendRequest('/users/1', 'DELETE');
10.Decorators:
Decorators allow you to modify or extend the behavior of classes, methods, properties, and other declarations.
function uppercase(target: any, propertyKey: string) {
let value = target[propertyKey];
const getter = () => value;
const setter = (newValue: string) => {
value = newValue.toUpperCase();
};
Object.defineProperty(target, propertyKey, {
get: getter,
set: setter,
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
});
}
class Person {
@uppercase
name: string;
}
const person = new Person();
person.name = 'John Doe';
console.log(person.name); // Output: JOHN DOE
11.Index Signatures:
Index signatures allow you to define dynamic property names and their corresponding types in an interface or type.
interface Dictionary {
[key: string]: number;
}
const scores: Dictionary = {
math: 90,
science: 85,
history: 95
};
console.log(scores['math']); // Output: 90
console.log(scores['english']); // Output: undefined
12.Type Inference with Conditional Statements:
TypeScript can infer the types based on conditional statements, allowing for more concise code.
function calculateTax(amount: number, isTaxable: boolean) {
if (isTaxable) {
return amount * 1.1; // Type: number
} else {
return amount; // Type: number
}
}
const taxableAmount = calculateTax(100, true);
console.log(taxableAmount.toFixed(2)); // Output: 110.00
const nonTaxableAmount = calculateTax(100, false);
console.log(nonTaxableAmount.toFixed(2)); // Output: 100.00
13.Readonly Properties:
TypeScript provides the readonly modifier to define properties that can't be modified after initialization.
class Circle {
readonly radius: number;
constructor(radius: number) {
this.radius = radius;
}
getArea() {
return Math.PI * this.radius ** 2;
}
}
const circle = new Circle(5);
console.log(circle.radius); // Output: 5
// circle.radius = 10; // Error: Cannot assign to 'radius' because it is a read-only property
console.log(circle.getArea()); // Output: 78.53981633974483
14.Type Aliases:
Type aliases allow you to create custom names for existing types, providing more semantic meaning and improving code readability.
type Point = {
x: number;
y: number;
};
type Shape = 'circle' | 'square' | 'triangle';
function draw(shape: Shape, position: Point) {
console.log(`Drawing a ${shape} at (${position.x}, ${position.y})`);
}
const startPoint: Point = { x: 10, y: 20 };
draw('circle', startPoint); // Output: Drawing a circle at (10, 20)
15.Type Guards with Classes:
Type guards can also be used with classes to narrow down the type of an object instance.
class Animal {
name: string;
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
bark() {
console.log('Woof!');
}
}
function makeSound(animal: Animal) {
if (animal instanceof Dog) {
animal.bark(); // Type: Dog
} else {
console.log('Unknown animal');
}
}
const dog = new Dog('Buddy');
const animal = new Animal('Unknown');
makeSound(dog); // Output: Woof!
makeSound(animal); // Output: Unknown animal
Top comments (15)
Hey bro, great post!!
A small observation. For point 8 you can use the
PartialType like this:Even, add new properties, for example:
__
Another one I enjoy quiet often is the const assertion. With them you can make stuff readonly outside of class members. For example:
With as const:
Without as const:
Hey 👋 Nice post 😉
An improvement for point 3 :
Most of the time, when we create something with
unknownit's because you don't know how to provide. In your case, you specify a string value that could be confusing for some beginner developers.What do you think ? 🙂
You should avoid type assertion as much as possible. You're basically telling typescript to ignore itself and listen to you instead.
Instead of type assertion, use typeguards. You can even make a function to narrow down the type:
in the optional chaining
const invalidCode = user.address?.postalCode?.toLowerCase();console.log(invalidCode); // Output: undefined
not log undefined
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Сongratulations 🥳! Your article hit the top posts for the week - dev.to/fruntend/top-10-posts-for-f...
Keep it up 👍
Nice list 👍 One thing I would add to the type guards example is the
isoperator: typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/a...It's true no matter how experienced you are, you indeed need some good tools to make you shine. Thanks for writing such a great article.
Great post! I've never looked a lot into decorators until now, would've never thought they were so straightforward to implement
A useful list, and very well presented -- even if the first two are native Javascript features, not specific to TS :)
Hi bro, great post!
Congratulations. It’s a great post and I believe it will help a lot of beginners!
I wonder if you can take these rules and lint your code with ChatGPT...
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