Every software developer has heard about classic old-school algorithms. If you ask the question ”Do we really need to study algorithms nowadays?” the article is for you.
When we discuss algorithms, the binary search algorithms immediately comes to my mind. If you didn’t hear about it or want to refresh your knowledge, I suggest you to watch the video CS 50.
So, do we really need to know and remember how does the binary search work and how to implement it, if we have already had Array#find_index method in Ruby?
Experiment
Let’s write a little experiment just for fun. My plan is to implement the binary search algorithm in plain Ruby. There is our Main module and a custom function #b_index
# script.rb
module Main
# @param array [Array<Object>]
# @param value [Object]
# @return [Integer] index of element or -1
def self.b_index(array, value)
low = 0
high = array.size
while low < high
mid = ((low+high) / 2).floor
midval = array[mid]
if midval < value
low = mid+1
elsif midval > value
high = mid
else
return mid
end
end
-1
end
end
Let’s write some tests in order to check different cases.
# spec/test1_spec.rb
require 'rspec'
require_relative '../script'
RSpec.describe 'Script' do
context 'array with integers' do
it { expect(Main.b_index([], 1)).to eq(-1) }
it { expect(Main.b_index([1,2,3,4], 1)).to eq(0) }
it { expect(Main.b_index([1,2,3,4], 2)).to eq(1) }
it { expect(Main.b_index([1,2,3,4], 3)).to eq(2) }
it { expect(Main.b_index([1,2,3,4], 4)).to eq(3) }
end
context 'array with similar values' do
it { expect(Main.b_index([2,2,2], 2)).to eq(1) }
it { expect(Main.b_index([1,2,2,2,13], 2)).to eq(2) }
end
context 'array with string values' do
it do
expect(Main.b_index(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'z')).to eq(-1)
expect(Main.b_index(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'a')).to eq(0)
expect(Main.b_index(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'b')).to eq(1)
expect(Main.b_index(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'c')).to eq(2)
expect(Main.b_index(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'z')).to eq(-1)
end
end
end
So, it works! All tests are passed. Let’s write another test case and compare our algorithm and Array#find_index
# spec/test2_spec.rb
require 'rspec'
require_relative '../script'
RSpec.describe 'Match with Array#find_index' do
# it runs Array#find_index and match result with value
def test_helper(array, value)
answer = array.find_index(value)
answer.nil? ? -1 : answer
end
(1..100).to_a.each do |i|
context "array from 0 to #{i}" do
arr = (0..i).to_a
arr.each do |j|
number = j
it "can find #{number}" do
expect(Main.b_index(arr, number)).to eq(test_helper(arr, number))
end
end
end
end
end
So, it works without bugs! 🐞
Benchmark and result
The most interesting is to write a benchmark test between our function and Array#find_index method.
# race.rb
require_relative './script'
require 'benchmark'
# we will create an array with 50_000 numbers
i = 50_000
puts "test an array from 0 to #{i}"
arr = (0..i).to_a
Benchmark.bm do |x|
# benchmark for `Array#find_index`
x.report('standard find_index') do
arr.each { |number| arr.find_index(number) }
end
# benchmark for our custom function
x.report('my b_index') do
arr.each { |number| Main.b_index(arr, number) }
end
end
Let’s run it and watch the result.
$ bundle exec ruby race.rb
test an array from 0 to 50000
user system total real
standard find_index 7.970743 0.003301 7.974044 ( 7.976267)
my b_index 0.061279 0.000458 0.061737 ( 0.062213)
It’s fantastic that our algorithm is faster than Array#find_index method. The reason is Array#find_index uses linear search algorithm and it has the bit O notation O(n). The binary search has performance O(log n).
Not only numbers
Numbers and strings are boring. Can it match custom objects? Of course, yes!
# spec/test3_spec.rb
require 'rspec'
require_relative '../script'
# our custom Object
class MyObject
include Comparable
# @param number [Integer]
def initialize(number)
@number = number
end
attr_reader :number
def <=>(object)
if object.is_a?(self.class)
number <=> object.number
elsif object.is_a?(Integer)
number <=> object
else
raise 'Can not compare the type'
end
end
end
# and tests
RSpec.describe 'Custom objects test' do
# it runs Array#find_index and match result with value
def test_helper(array, value)
answer = array.find_index(value)
answer.nil? ? -1 : answer
end
(1..100).to_a.each do |i|
context "array from 0 to #{i}" do
arr = (0..i).map { |i| MyObject.new(i + 1) }
arr.each do |obj|
number = obj.number
it "can find MyObject with #{number}" do
expect(Main.b_index(arr, number)).to eq(test_helper(arr, number))
end
end
end
end
end
Great, it works! And you see that the binary search can improve performance in your application when you try to find data in a huge array.
Conclusion
Knowing algorithms isn’t a dummy check and it can be very useful especially for optimisation. I hope the article will help you to improve performance in your application. I wish the article inspired you and you will keep on studying algorithms ✨
Link to source code is here
Latest comments (2)
One thing to bear in mind about the performance benchmark results, the (slower)
Array#find_indexmethod uses a linear search because the Array method cannot assume that the array is already sorted (the precondition for binary search to work). Just pointing this out since the required "sorted input" condition wasn't mentioned in your post. I'm sure it's covered in the linked video (he says "hopefully sorted" but then uses a telephone book which is definitely sorted), so worth pointing out.Thanks for your comment 😀
Yes, the binary search algorithm can work properly only with sorted data.
Array#find_indexcan perfectly work with sorted and unsorted data. But if you have huge array of data and the array is sorted, binary search will be highly effective.So, my intention was to inspire people (and me) to keep on studying algorithms, maybe it's the reason why I didn't mention it 🙈