Arrays
In Go, an array is a numbered sequence of elements of a single type with a fixed length(You can not resize arrays in Go). There are several ways to declare an array in Go. Here are some examples.
① var name[num]Type
② var name[num]Type = [num]Type { ele1, ele2, elen.... }
③ var name = [...] Type { ele1, ele2, elen... }
//name: The name of the array.
//num: The number of elements that array can contain.
//Type: The type of elements that the array contains.
In the following code, I'll demonstrate how to declare an arr which is composed of 3 strings in the three ways that I presented above.
① var name[num]Type
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
var arr [3]string
arr[0] = "Go"
arr[1] = "Ruby"
arr[2] = "Javascript"
fmt.Println(arr) //=> [Go Ruby Javascript]
}
② var name[num]Type = [num]Type { ele1, ele2, elen.... }
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
var arr [3]string = [3]string { "Go", "Ruby", "Javascript"}
fmt.Println(arr) //=> [Go Ruby Javascript]
}
③ var name = [...] Type { ele1, ele2, elen... }
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
arr3 := [...]string { "Go", "Ruby", "Javascript" }
fmt.Println(arr3) //=> [Go Ruby Javascript]
}
Slices
In Go, A slice is a segment of an array. Slices build on arrays and provide more power, flexibility, and convenience compared to arrays. Just like arrays, Slices are indexable and have a length. But unlike arrays, they can be resized.
Declaring a Slice
A Slice can be declared in the following ways. Unlike declaring an array, you don't have to specify the number of elements the slice can contain.
① var name[]Type
② var name[]Type = []Type { ele1, ele2, elen.... }
③ name := Array[start:end]
④ name := make( []Type, len, cap)
//name: The name of the array.
//Type: The type of elements that the array contains.
//Array: An array.
//make: The built-in make function.
In the following code, I'll demonstrate how to declare a slice using the four different ways of defining a slice I presented above.
① var name[]Type
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var slice1 []string
var slice2 = []int { 1, 2, 3 }
fmt.Println(slice1) //=> []
fmt.Println(slice2) //=> [1 2 3]
}
② var name[]Type = []Type { ele1, ele2, elen.... }
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var slice2 []string = []string { "Go", "Ruby" }
fmt.Println(slice2) //=> [Go Ruby]
}
③ name := Array[start:end]
As I stated above, A slice is a segment of an array. That means we can create a slice from an array. The table below explains how to control the elements a slice which is created from an array called Array.
| 操作 | 意味 |
|---|---|
Array[low:high] |
From low to high - 1. |
Array[low:] |
From low to the last element. |
Array[:high] |
From the first elemet to high - 1. |
Array[:] |
From the first element to the last element. |
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
arry := [6] int { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
slice3 := arry[0:2]
slice4 := arry[0:]
slice5 := arry[:4]
slice6 := arry[:]
fmt.Println(slice3) //=> [1 2]
fmt.Println(slice4) //=> [1 2 3 4 5 6]
fmt.Println(slice5) //=> [1 2 3 4]
fmt.Println(slice6) //=> [1 2 3 4 5 6]
}
④ name := make( []Type, len, cap)
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
slice7 := make([]string, 2, 2)
fmt.Println(slice7) //=> [ ]
}
Modifying a slice
As I mentioned several times, a slice is a segment of an array and it refers to an underlying array. Therefore, modifying the elements of a slice will also modify the corresponding elements in the referenced array.
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
arry := [...]string { "Go", "Ruby", "Javascript" }
slice := arry[:]
fmt.Println(slice) //=> [Go Ruby Javacript]
slice[0] = "Python"
fmt.Println(slice) //=> [Python Ruby Javascript]
fmt.Println(arry) //=> [Python Ruby Javascript]
}
Length and Capacity of a Slice
A slice has both a length and a capacity.
- The length of a slice is the number of elements it contains.
- The capacity of a slice is the number of elements in the underlying array, counting from the first element in the slice.
You can find the length and capacity of a slice using the built-in functions len() and cap().
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
arry := [...]string { "Go", "Ruby", "Javascript" }
slice := arry[:1]
fmt.Println(len(slice), cap(slice)) //=> 1 3
}
Appending to a slice
It is common to append new elements to a slice, and so Go provides a built-in append function. It takes a slice and new elements that you want to append to the slice. It then returns a new slice containing all the elements from the given slice as well as the new elements.
The following code shows the structure of append function.
func append(slice []Type, new_elements) []Type
//Type: The type of elements that the array contains.
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
arry := [...]string { "Go", "Ruby", "Javascript" }
slice := arry[:]
var new_slice = append(slice, "Java", "Swift", "C")
fmt.Println(new_slice) //=> [[Go Ruby Javascript Java Swift C]
}
Nil slices
The zero value of a slice is nil. A nil slice has a length and capacity of 0 and has no underlying array.
package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
var nil_slice []int
if nil_slice == nil {
fmt.Println("nil") //=> nil
}
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