3 Core JavaScript concepts you should understand (functions)

In JavaScript, functions are first class objects, meaning that they can access and be passed into function. But what does that really mean? How is a first class function different from a higher order function or a callback function?

These terms aren't mutually exclusive, but I think it's important to explore the nuances.

First class vs higher order vs callback

1. First class: In JavaScript, functions are treated as first-class objects. I already discussed why functions are objects in this post. A first class object is one that is treated like a variable, meaning they can be:

   1. stored to a variable
   2. passed as an argument (as a callback)
   3. returned from a function

2. Higher order function: This refers to a function that accepts a function as an argument or returns a function as its result

3. Call back function: A callback function is one that gets passed as an argument to a function

Just remember:

1. A higher order function can accept a callback function as an argument
2. Both higher order and callback functions are first-class functions. This is because JavaScript treats functions as first class objects

Because these 3 terms are so intertwined, I've included the links below that discuss all three, instead of one post for each term:

• Any difference between First Class Function and High Order Function link...
• Functional JavaScript: What are higher-order functions, and why should anyone care? link...
• Closures, first-class functions, and higher-order functions link...

let arr = [1,2,3,4,5]

const firstClass = (num) => {
  return num * num
}

const higherOrder = (array, callback) => {
  let newArray = []
  for(let i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
    newArray.push(callback(array[i]))
  }
  console.log(newArray)
}

higherOrder(arr, firstClass) // [ 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ]

Still confused? Leave a comment to let me know. I'm happy to explain further!