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Emma Bostian ✨
Emma Bostian ✨

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CSS Specificity

CSS Specificity is the set of the rules applied to CSS selectors in order to determine which style is applied to an element. The more specific a CSS style is, the higher point value it accrues, and the likelier it is to be present on the element's style.

There are many benefits of understanding CSS Specificity and leveraging it to your benefit.

Helps understand why styles aren't applied

To understand why your CSS styles aren't being applied to an element, you must first have a basic understanding of CSS Specificity.

It's so easy to just slap an !important value on your CSS styles, but this causes your CSS to quickly spiral out of control.

By understanding how styles are applied, you can ensure the styles you want displayed are being rendered.

Helps organize code

CSS can quickly become unruly when we don't stop to think about an architecture for our style sheets, and instead throw a ton of CSS selectors around without thinking about specificity.

One way to combat messy CSS, and ensure your specificity rules are being applied as intended, is to adopt a CSS naming architecture. Block-element-modifier (BEM) is one of the most commonly used CSS naming architectures. We won't delve into naming architectures now, but they can help you ensure that your styles aren't overriding each other.

By making the most of CSS Specificity, you ensure that your code is organized, and your selectors won't conflict with one another.

Helps write cleaner code

It's not uncommon to see a code base riddled with !important overrides. Although !important gives you a way to say "Forget all those other styles, I want this one to be applied!!!" it can cause serious issues when you need to update a style and you're not sure where to begin.

CSS Specificity allows you to include the CSS necessary to style your elements, in the correct way. It's easier to quickly change a style when you know exactly which selector styles that specific element. Plus, you'll probably find yourself writing less CSS code overall, which will help with maintainability.

How does it work

At a high-level, there are three buckets of specificity your CSS will fall under:

Type selectors & pseudo-elements

Code

Class selectors, attribute selectors, pseudo-classes

Code

ID

Code

Rules

  • Universal selectors, combinators (>, +, etc.) and negation pseudo-classes :not() have no affect on CSS specificity; the styles defined inside of the :not() pseudo-class do.
  • Inline styles (styles added to an HTML element) always override any styles declared in an external style sheet; these are generally not good practice as it's best to define all of your styles in one place.
  • !important overrides all other denoted styles; this is bad practice as it can make debugging CSS much more difficult. When two conflicting styles make use of an !important declaration, the most specific style wins.

You may run into situations when leveraging CSS frameworks, such as Bootstrap, where you can't use CSS specificity to override the native styles. In these instances, using !important is not considered bad practice.

Calculating

You may be asking yourself "Okay, CSS Specificity is great, but how do I actually determine which style is the most specific?" We use a four-category system to give a CSS selector a value. The selector with the most specific value wins.

Chart

Example

Examples

Example 1

Let's say we have an unordered list with three list items. The list and all of its list items have class names. And let's say we've created two different CSS selectors. Which one is more specific?

Code

Let's break down the calculation of the CSS specificity.

Example

Example 2

Let's suppose you're styling a navigation element, which has the following HTML structure.

Example

We have two styles which change the color of the navigation list items on hover. We want to change the color of list item two on hover to pink. But it's not working as expected.

Example

In order to change the color of list item two on hover to pink, we need to have a more specific CSS selector. Thus, prepending the selector with nav#nav or even just #nav will do the job.

Example 3

Let's calculate the CSS Specificity of the code snippet below.

Example

Conclusion

CSS Specificity isn't hard, but it's a skill which, when learned, will save you immense amount of pain and suffering.

By learning these key specificity rules, you will set yourself up to write organized and optimized CSS code.

Check out the resources below for some more CSS Specificity fun!

Specifishity

Specificity Calculator

CSS Tricks: Specificity

Specificity Star Wars

CSS Specificity

Top comments (34)

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kathryngrayson profile image
Kathryn Grayson Nanz

This was a super cool read! Especially the calculation at the end – that was definitely something I knew would work, but never knew why. Thanks for a great explanation.

Also, I love the effort you put into your section headers, etc. The yellow is really lovely, and that attention to visual detail isn't something you see a lot in other blogs :)

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kazionovm profile image
Max Kazionov • Edited

Hi, Emma!
Thank you for this great article, it helped me greatly;

Look at the screenshoot, it seems to me it doesn't work properly;
Because:

combinator selector > selects li elements that are direct children of an element of that id.

Check this 😉

logo

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pietvandongen profile image
Piet van Dongen • Edited

You're right, it should be:

nav#nav li:hover {
    color: purple;
}
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Otherwise, excellent article!

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maggiew61 profile image
maggiew61

I think you are right. I found that strange too.

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rhymes profile image
rhymes

Cool article, thanks Emma!

Didn't know there was a formula to calculate specificity nor tools to aid. They might be handy when you're trying to debug :)

You may run into situations when leveraging CSS frameworks, such as Bootstrap, where you can't use CSS specificity to override the native styles. In these instances, using !important is not considered bad practice.

Bootstrap is the main reason we use !important :D Fortunately I see less and less Bootstrap around.

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ellissei_studio profile image
Elisei Miron

Personally I'm a big fan of Bootstrap 4 grid, since they use flexbox.

But regarding the Bootstrap overrides, don't override it with !important.
Customise it by overriding the sass variables instead of styles for every component. A good example is bootswatch.com.

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begroff profile image
Brett

This is the most succinct article I have ever seen on specificity. I love the use of graphics for calculating specificity. Excellent job!

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antonio_pangall profile image
Antonio Pangallo

Nice article!

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adamorlowskipoland profile image
Adam

Quick check ;-)

muki.tw/wordpress/wp-content/uploa...

I think using !important is always ALWAYS a bed practice.
Sometimes you have no other choince but at least try before.

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samirmishra27 profile image
Samir

I messed up one of my mock interviews because I did not knew about CSS specificity. But this article has made me clear about what CSS specificity is and how does it work. This article is truly a GEM 💎💖
Thank you so much for writing this. Please share more resources where I can learn about this. :)

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phantomread profile image
phantomread

Great article,

Emma u are a star .

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jhominal profile image
Jean Hominal

Thank you very much for this article!
I knew that “CSS specificity” was a thing but I never knew that there was such a (mathematically) simple calculation rule.

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equinusocio profile image
Mattia Astorino

Nice work Emma. This is the kind of content i want to see on dev.to. 👍🏻

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emmabostian profile image
Emma Bostian ✨

Thank you!