JSON Web Token Tutorial with Example in Python

The tradional mode of authentication for websites has been to use cookie based authentication. In a typical REST architecture the server does not keep any client state. The stateless approach of REST makes session cookies inappropriate from the security standpoint. Session hijacking and cross-site request forgery are common security issues while using cookies to secure your REST Service. Hence their arises a need to authenticate and secure a stateless REST service.

In this article we are going to learn about securing our REST API with JSON Web Tokens. JSON Web Tokens are an open, industry standard RFC 7519 method for representing claims securely between two parties. JWT happens to be backed by companies like Firebase, Google, Microsoft, and Zendesk.

Understanding with a similie

We all have a debit card. Once plugged into an ATM machine we can withdraw the amount. The Debit card gives access to only my account and can't be used once expired. JSON Web tokens are similar, you plug your token to an authentication system and get access to restricted data that belongs to you.

Working of JWT

When using JWT for authentication you'd usually store the token in the browser's localstorage or sessionstorage. To logout you just remove the token. There's nothing else to invalidate. One of the benefits of using this kind of approach for authentication is that tokens are not persisted in the database, so you don't have to query a session store for anything when authenticating.

Lets take a look at it with the help of this simple illustration -

Structure of a JWT

JSON Web Token example:


eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ0b3B0YWwuY29tI iwiZXhwIjoxNDI2NDIwODAwLCJodHRwOi8vdG9wdGFsLmNvbS9qd3RfY2xhaW1zL2lzX2FkbWluI jp0cnVlLCJjb21wYW55IjoiVG9wdGFsIiwiYXdlc29tZSI6dHJ1ZX0.yRQYnWzskCZUxPwaQupWk iUzKELZ49eM7oWxAQK_ZXw


Since there are 3 parts separated by a ., each section is created differently. We have the 3 parts which are:

• header
• payload
• signature


<base64-encoded header>.<base64-encoded payload>.<base64-encoded signature>


Header

The JWT Header declares that the encoded object is a JSON Web Token (JWT) and the JWT is a JWS that is MACed using the HMAC SHA-256 algorithm. For example:

{
    “alg”: “HS256”,
    “typ”: “JWT”
}

"alg" is a string and specifies the algorithm used to sign the token.

"typ" is a string for the token, defaulted to "JWT". Specifies that this is a JWT token.

Payload (Claims)

A claim or a payload can be defined as a statement about an entity that contians security information as well as additional meta data about the token itself.

Following are the claim attributes :

• iss: The issuer of the token

• sub: The subject of the token

• aud: The audience of the token

• qsh: query string hash

• exp: Token expiration time defined in Unix time

• nbf: “Not before” time that identifies the time before which the JWT must not be accepted for processing

• iat: “Issued at” time, in Unix time, at which the token was issued

• jti: JWT ID claim provides a unique identifier for the JWT

Signature

Signature

JSON Web Signatre specification are followed to generate the final signed token. JWT Header, the encoded claim are combined, and an encryption algorithm, such as HMAC SHA-256 is applied. The signatures's secret key is held by the server so it will be able to verify existing tokens.

Popular Libraries for JWT

• Java atlassian-jwt and jsontoken

• Python pyjwt

• Node.js node-jwt-simple

• Ruby ruby-jwt

• PHP firebase php-jwt and luciferous jwt

• .NET jwt

• Haskell haskell-jwt

Advantages of Token Based Approach

• JWT approach allows us to make AJAX calls to any server or domain. Since the HTTP header is used to transmit the user information.

• Their is no need for having a separate session store on the server. JWT itself conveys the entire information.

• Server Side reduces to just an API and static assets(HTML, CSS, JS) can be served via a CDN.

• The authentication system is mobile ready, the token can be generated on any device.

• Since we have eliminated the need for cookies, we no more need to protect against the cross site requesets.

• API Keys provide either-or solution, whereas JWT provide much granular control, which can be inspected for any debugging purpose.

• API Keys depend on a central storage and a service. JWT can be self-issued or an external service can issue it with allowed scopes and expiration.

Creating a JWT in Python

Encoding a payload

>>> import jwt
>>> encoded = jwt.encode({'some': 'payload'}, 'secret', algorithm='HS256')
    'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb21lIjoicGF5bG9hZCJ9.4twFt5NiznN84AWoo1d7KO1T_yoc0Z6XOpOVswacPZg'

Decoding a payload on the server

>>> jwt.decode(encoded, 'secret', algorithms=['HS256'])
{'some': 'payload'}

Hope the article was of help. Feel free to put your thoughts in the comment.

The article originally appeared on Apcelent Tech Blog.