Artificial Intelligence (AI) is affecting our daily lives in many ways. Facial Recognition Systems, Artificial Assistants, Predictive Models are used nearly everywhere. AI is finding its use in many industries such as Education, Healthcare, Automobile, Manufacturing, and Law Enforcement. The decisions and predictions being made by AI-enabled systems are becoming much more important and in many cases, critical to life, and death. This is especially true for AI systems used in healthcare, driverless cars, or even drones being used during the war.
The working of these AI models is however not understandable by the common man as well as professionals. If an Artificial Neural Network makes a prediction from an image whether it is of a cat or a dog it is not obvious that based on what characteristic or features this decision is made. This decision however is not as critical to our life as predicting whether an image of a tumor cell is that of a malignant or benign tumor. We would obviously like to know whether based on what parameters this decision is made.
In healthcare, the explainability of AI is of utmost importance. Previously, Machine Learning and Deep Learning models were treated as black boxes that took some input and made decision to give some output but based on what parameters these decisions are made is not obvious. Now with the increasing use of AI in our daily life and AI making decisions affecting our life and death in cases like autonomous cars, cancer prediction softwares the need for Explainability in AI has increased.
As humans, we must be able to fully understand how decisions are being made so that we can trust the decisions of AI systems. The lack of explainability and trust hampers our ability to fully trust AI systems. We want computer systems to work as expected and produce transparent explanations and reasons for decisions they make. This is known as Explainable AI (XAI).
The greater the potential consequences of AI-based outcomes, the greater the need for explainable AI.
Explainable AI is a new and budding field in the area of AI and Machine Learning. It is very important to build trust among humans about the decisions made by AI models. It is only possible by making the black box of ML models more transparent. Explainable AI frameworks are tools which generate reports about how the model works and tries to explain their working. In this blog, we will be discussing about 6 explainable AI frameworks
- SHAP
- LIME
- ELI5
- What-if Tool
- AIX360
- Skater
1- SHAP
SHAP stands for SHapley Additive ex Planations. It can be used for explaining various types of models like simple machine learning algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, tree-based models, and also more complex models like deep learning models for image classification and image captioning and various NLP tasks like sentiment analysis, translation, and text summarization. It is a model agnostic method to explain the models based on game theory's shapley values. It explains how the different features affect the output or what contribution do they have in the outcome of the model.
An example of a sentiment analysis explainer using SHAP is given here.
Some other examples are shown below
Explanation of an image classification model
Example of text translation explanation
To know more visit the link- https://shap.readthedocs.io/
2- LIME
LIME stands for Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations. It is similar to SHAP but is faster in terms of computation. The output of LIME is a list of explanations, reflecting the contribution of each feature to the prediction of a data sample. Lime is able to explain any black box classifier, with two or more classes. All it requires is that the classifier implements a function that takes in raw text or a numpy array and outputs a probability for each class. Support for scikit-learn classifiers is built-in.
A video about LIME
Some of the screenshots showing the explanations given by LIME
For two class textual data
Tabular data
Image explaining cat prediction green(+ve) and red(-ve)
Link- https://github.com/marcotcr/lime
3- ELI5
ELI5 is a Python package which helps to debug machine learning classifiers and explain their predictions. It has support for many ML frameworks like scikit-learn, Keras, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost.
There are two main ways to look at a classification or a regression model:
1) inspect model parameters and try to figure out how the model works globally;
2) inspect an individual prediction of a model, try to figure out why the model makes the decision it makes.
Example showing the importance of various features in Titanic Dataset
Link- https://eli5.readthedocs.io/
4- What-if Tool
Whatif Tool (WIT) is developed by Google to understand the working of ML trained models. Using WIT, you can test performance in hypothetical situations, analyze the importance of different data features, and visualize model behavior across multiple models and subsets of input data, and for different ML fairness metrics. The What-If Tool is available as an extension in Jupyter, Colaboratory, and Cloud AI Platform notebooks. It can be used for different tasks like binary classification, multi-class classification and regression. It can be used with various types of data like Tabular, Image and Text data. It can be used along with SHAP and LIME. It can also be used with Tensor Board.
Link- https://pair-code.github.io/what-if-tool/
5- AIX360
AIX360 or AI Explainability 360 is an extensible open source toolkit that can help you comprehend how machine learning models predict labels by various means throughout the AI application lifecycle and is developed by IBM research.
Link- https://aix360.mybluemix.net/
6- Skater
Skater is a unified framework to enable Model Interpretation for all forms of model to help one build an Interpretable machine learning system often needed for real world use-cases. It is an open source python library designed to demystify the learned structures of a black box model both globally(inference on the basis of a complete data set) and locally(inference about an individual prediction).
Link- https://github.com/oracle/Skater
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