Table of Contents
Introduction
In the previous post we talked about First Class Functions and how JavaScript treat functions as a first-class-citizens.
Higher Orders Functions are functions that either take one or more functions as its arguments and/or return a function. This is a concept that was born out of functional programming. JavaScript, is a language that uses a lot of the functional programming concepts and Higher-Order Functions is one of them.
In this post we will discuss map(), filter() and reduce() that are some of the most well-known and easy to use Higher-Order Functions.
What Is Map?
The
map()method creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element in the calling array.
Let's say that we want to create a new array that contains the double values of the numbers array.
A way to do it is to create the function double and call it for every element in the forEach.
Map written with a forEach
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const result = [];
const double = (number) => {
return number * 2;
};
// Iterate over an array
numbers.forEach((number) => {
result.push(double(number));
})
// [2 4 6]
console.log(result);
And this is where map comes into play! Instead of calling the function manually, we can pass the function to map and javascript will call the function on every element for us!
Map written without a forEach
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const double = (number) => {
return number * 2;
};
const result = numbers.map(double);
//[2,4,6]
console.log(result);
Now let's see some other examples that we can use map
In the example below we create a new array using map that contains the full name of each person.
const people = [{
first_name: "Michael",
last_name: "Jordan"
}, {
first_name: "LeBron",
last_name: "James"
}, {
first_name: "Stephen",
last_name: "Curry"
}];
const fullNames = people.map((person) => {
return `${person.first_name} ${person.last_name}`;
});
// [ 'Michael Jordan', 'LeBron James', 'Stephen Curry' ]
console.log(fullNames);
In the example below we create a new array that contains the first two letters of each day.
const days = [
'Sunday',
'Monday',
'Tuesday',
'Wednesday',
'Thursday',
'Friday',
'Saturday'
];
const newDays = days.map((day) => {
return day.substring(0,2);
});
// [ 'Su', 'Mo', 'Tu', 'We', 'Th', 'Fr', 'Sa' ]
console.log(newDays);
When should you use a map?
- When you want to create a new array of the same length as the original array.
- When you want to transform an array of one thing into an array of another thing.
What Is Filter?
The
filter()method creates a new array with all elements that pass the test implemented by the provided function.
- The call to
filter()will return a new array.- The callback function used with
filtershould either returntrueorfalse.
trueif the current element should appear in the new array.falseif the current element should NOT appear in the new array.
Let's say that we want to create a new array that contains the even numbers of the numbers array.
A way to do it is to create the function isEven to check if the number is even or not and call it for every element in the forEach.
Filter written with a forEach
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
const evenNumbers = [];
const isEven = (number) => {
return number % 2 === 0;
};
// 2. Iterate over an array
numbers.forEach((number) => {
if (isEven(number)) {
evenNumbers.push(number);
}
});
// [ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]
console.log(evenNumbers);
Filter written without a forEach
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
const isEven = (number) => {
return number % 2 === 0;
};
const evenNumbers = numbers.filter(isEven);
// [ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]
console.log(evenNumbers);
Now let's see some other examples, that we can use filter
In the example below we create a new array that contains the people that their first_name has six or less characters.
const people = [{
first_name: "Michael",
last_name: "Jordan"
}, {
first_name: "LeBron",
last_name: "James"
}, {
first_name: "Stephen",
last_name: "Curry"
}];
const short = people.filter((person) => {
return person.first_name.length <= 6;
});
// [ { first_name: 'LeBron', last_name: 'James' } ]
console.log(short);
In the example below we have an array that contains the weekly days and we want to create a new array that will contain only the days that the number of their letters is less than 7.
const days = [
'Sunday',
'Monday',
'Tuesday',
'Wednesday',
'Thursday',
'Friday',
'Saturday'
];
// create a new array with only the days that the length of their characters is less than 7
const shortDays = days.filter(day => {
return day.length < 7;
});
// [ 'Sunday', 'Monday', 'Friday' ]
console.log(shortDays);
When to use Filter:
- When you want a new array of a different length, based on some condition that only some elements in the array satisfy.
What Is Reduce?
The
reduce()method applies a function against an accumulator and each element in the array (from left to right) to reduce it to a single value. The accumulator can be anything (integer, string, object, etc.) and must be instantiated or passed when calling reduce().
- The call to
reduce()will return a single value. - The callback function used with
reducewill get passed the accumulator value and an element in the array.- The accumulator value is the value returned from the last call to the callback function.
- The callback function should always return a value to be used in the next callback.
- The third argument to the
reduce()function is the starting value for the accumulator.
Let's say that we want to calculate the sum of the numbers array.
Reduce written with a forEach
const numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6];
let sum = 0;
// Iterate over the array
numbers.forEach((number) => {
sum += number;
});
// 21
console.log(sum);
Reduce written without a forEach
const numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6];
// Iterate over the array
const sum = numbers.reduce((sum, number) => {
sum += number;
return sum; // Return the accumulator
}, 0); // Initialize accumulator variable
// 21
console.log(sum);
Now let's see some other examples, that we can use reduce.
In the example below we create a new object that contains as a key the name of the stock and as a value the frequency of the stock.
const stocks = ['TSLA', 'PLTR', 'TSLA', 'AAPL', 'PLTR', 'TSLA'];
const result = stocks.reduce((stockFreq, stock) => {
if(stockFreq.hasOwnProperty(stock)) {
stockFreq[stock]++;
} else {
stockFreq[stock] = 1;
}
return stockFreq;
}, {});
// { TSLA: 3, PLTR: 2, AAPL: 1 }
console.log(result);
In the example below we create a new string that contains the first two letters of each day.
const days = [
'Sunday',
'Monday',
'Tuesday',
'Wednesday',
'Thursday',
'Friday',
'Saturday'
];
const newDay = days.reduce((buffer ,day) => {
buffer += day.substring(0,2);
return buffer;
}, "");
// SuMoTuWeThFrSa
console.log(newDay);
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