I don't know how to introduce this post 😃 I will just play with you using various usage of . in Perl but not only (see second part).
Table Of Contents
Fun with dot in Perl
Concat strings with .
In Perl like in a lot of other languages, you can concat strings with .
print "Fun" . " with " . "." . "\n";
But you can also concat without quotes which is less usual:
print Dota.All.Star;
It's less flexible and if you want my opinion I don't recommend to use this form.
Match a lot with .
. normally matches almost any character (including a dot itself).
You can even extend what is matched by . using /s modifier.
while(<>) {
$_ =~ s/(...)./$1/g;
print $_;
}
That will match 4 characters and keep only 3 and repeat:
$ echo "foo bar baz" | perl keep3.pl
foobarbaz
You can make your dot match more ("greedy dot"):
while(<>) {
$_ =~ s/(.*) foo/$1/g;
print $_;
}
That will match as much as possible:
$ echo "foo foo foo" | perl greedy.pl
foo foo
But you can also make the contrary ("non greedy dot"):
while(<>) {
$_ =~ s/(.*?) foo/$1/g;
print $_;
}
That will match the minimum possible valid match:
$ echo "foo foo foo" | perl nongreedy.pl
foo
v-strings
Another use of dot can be the version strings (or "v-strings"):
$ perl -e 'print v74.65.80.72'
JAPH
Or even mixing vstring with "non quote" trick:
$ perl -e 'print etc.v46.46.46'
etc...
If you read "version" in version strings and you are interested in creating and comparing versions in Perl please read this great blog post about versions.
Terminates format
The format is an old and powerful (but less and less commonly used) feature of Perl. It is used to do formatting as the name suggests 😃
format STDOUT =
@<< @|||||| @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
"Fun", "with", "dot !"
.
write;
The output is:
$ perl format.pl
Fun with dot !
The range operator
A great Perl feature is the range operator .. or ...:
my @r = aa...bb;
print join " ", @r;
(Here ... is equivalent to ..)
That produces:
aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb
I wanted to find a python equivalent to show, but it seems not straighforward at all (not an operator or even a one line thing). Seems like range is for integers only, and something naive like:
import itertools
for it in itertools.product('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', repeat=2):
print it
Is not producing the right thing, because I don't want the first character to vary outside "a" and "b"...
If you have a simple equivalent, feel free to comment!
Now, a much more strange range:
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;
while(<>) {
if(/>>>/../<<</) {
if(!/^>>>$/ and !/^<<<$/) {
chomp; print;
}
}
}
To apply on this file:
Ignore me
>>>
Kawa
<<<
Ignore
me
>>>
bunga
<<<
>>>
!
<<<
Execute with:
$ cat file.txt | perl sections.pl
Kawabunga!
The ellipsis
The ellipsis or "yada-yada" or "triple-dot" is a way to mark a place as unimplemented.
$ perl -e '... if 1;'
Unimplemented at -e line 1.
It is resolved at runtime so will only throw the Unimplemented if the code actually reach the ellipsis.
Unsafe dot
Starting Perl 5.26.0, the current directory (.) was removed from default INC. You can still add them with -I. or use lib "." or compile the interpreter with PERL_USE_UNSAFE_INC=1
Fun with dot in all but Perl
Calling methods
The dot is used to call methods in several languages (e.g. python or ruby).
Un point c'est tout
For a very long time, when you asked "how to concat 2 string in PHP?" on google.fr, the first answer was a forum where a guy answered tersely "un point c'est tout" (meaning "a dot and that's all!" or "this is like this!").
<?php
$a = "hello" . "world";
print $a;
?>
Since it is also a french expression, it has a double sense and was not well understood by newbies despite being completely correct 😃
The dotfiles
Dotfiles are user config in files starting with dot (e.g. .vimrc). People sometimes put them and share them in git.
Nasty dot
On GNU/Linux, if you want to be a hacker script kiddie like Kim DotCom you can "hide" files by naming them . or ....
touch ". " ...
As they start with dot, an usual ls won't print them.
Of course if you really want to hide a file, you need a more robust method.
Safe Navigation operator
For instance in groovy .?
Dota
Completely off topic but it starts with "dot" and I played it when I was younger 😀
What is the sense of this post after all? I don't know...
Git
Git also propose .. and ... for commit ranges. e.g.
git diff abc..def or git diff abc...def the secong is more strict (introduce ordering).
There is the kind of thing (with different meaning) for git log.
C structs
Access C struct elements with .:
/* Declare the struct with integer members x, y */
struct point {
int x;
int y;
};
/* Define a variable p of type point, and set members using designated initializers*/
struct point p;
p.x = 0;
p.y = 0;
Or the less common set with designated variables:
/* Declare the struct with integer members x, y */
struct point {
int x;
int y;
};
/* Define a variable p of type point, and set members using designated initializers*/
struct point p = { .y = 2, .x = 1 };
The final dot in url
Do you know that example.com can also be written example.com. ?
The same way we can access my "Fun with perl shebang" article using perl.com.
But I read that it is not equivalent.
I don't know much about this, if you have details, please comment!
The more expensive dot of history?
One of my teacher told me one day about the rocket explosion caused by a bug where a dot was used instead a comma.
He was referencing the FORTRAN punctuation error occured on Mariner 1 in 1962. It's seems to be an urban legend, but still interesting to mention right?
The printf of Brainfuck
Do you know Brainfuck? If you don't, you should maybe not try to 😀 for you mental sanity
The dot is the printf in Brainfuck (putchar(*ptr);)
Execute and source
Execution with ./a.out and source with . config.sh (or source ./config.sh)
Conclusion
This post was not published on slashdot but on dev.to that is a blog platform not running dotclear.
The majority of samples are written in Perl 5.32, don't expect them to run in dotnet.
Sorry for this conclusion... 🙊 😵
Do you have more . usages in Perl or other fields? Or more IT related puns with the word "dot"? 😀
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