What are the three dots (...) or spread operator in Javascript?

The spread operator, spread syntax or 3 dots (...), is a type of syntax in Javascript which is used by both function calls and in arrays/objects. It has a multitude of different uses, so let's take a look at how we use the spread syntax in real Javascript code.

In function calls

We can use the 3 dots in Javascript function calls to convert an array into a set of arguments for a function. Let's look at an example. Below, our array is converted into the values for x, y, z, and a.

let numbers = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];

let myFunction = function(x, y, z, a) {
    return x + y + z + a;
}

// Returns 10
myFunction(...numbers);

This can be combined with other values, so the following is also valid, using the same function as before:

let numbers = [ 1, 2 ];

// Returns 15 (i.e. 5 + 7 + 1 + 2)
myFunction(5, 7, ...numbers);

This can also be used when calling a constructor with new, for example:

let numbers = [ 1999, 26, 3 ];

let thisDate = new Date(...number);

Merging Arrays

Another useful way to use the spread syntax is to merge arrays. For example, we can merge two separate arrays into a new one using two spread syntaxes:

let x = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
let y = [ 4, 5, 6 ];

// Returns [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]
let newArray = [ ...x, ...y ];

Similar to before, we can combine this with other values and still get the same outcome:

let x = [ 1, 2 ];

// Returns [] 4, 5, 1, 2 ]
let newArray = [ 4, 5, ...x ];

Merge Objects

Finally, we can use the spread syntax to merge objects. In the below example, we merge two objects with key/value pairs into one object:

let obj1 = { name: "John" };
let obj2 = { age: 114 };

// Returns { name: "John", age: 114 }
let newObj = { ...obj1, ...obj2 };

If we try to merge two objects and there is a duplicate key, the second object will take precedence and overwrite the first one, as shown below:

let obj1 = { name: "John" };
let obj2 = { name: "Jake" };

// Returns { name: "Jake" }
let newObj = { ...obj1, ...obj2 };

And that's how spread syntax work - they let us run functions with arrays easily, and are good for merging objects and arrays. You can find more Javascript tutorials at the bottom of this page.