webpack Introduction
webpack has a reputation for being pretty gnarly. If you've dug through the code of an established project using webpack, it's likely mind-boggling at best. Shoot, take a look at the source code for Next.js — they have an entire directory to manage webpack configuration.
That complexity is due, in large part, to its power. webpack can do a lot.
Fortunately, the fine folks building this free and open source tool have been working hard to make each version a little easier to use than the previous. And now, you can start very simply, with very little config. Thus, you can justify the power of webpack in the smallest and simplest of projects.
What We're Going to Build
Let's do that. Let's build a super simple build pipeline to bundle multiple JavaScript modules together into a single file that we can load from any HTML page.
You can take a look at the full code example at any point if you get stuck.
Gotcha!
There's one big gotcha we'll have to overcome along the way. The output bundle is obfuscated and anonymous. That means we can't access it by default. And even if we could, we likely wouldn't know how to navigate it.
In our case, we want to access our bundled code from external places (like an HTML file), so we're going to load our main exports into an App object that we can then access from that main HTML file.
Specifically in this example, we want to be able to call App.Logger.sayHi() and see it print "Hi!" to the console.
Let's go!
Step 1: Setup
If you have a project ready to go, great! If not, feel free to follow my steps to get started, with the following notes:
These are the dependencies we're going to use:
http-serverwebpackwebpack-cli
And here are the scripts to add to package.json:
// package.json
{
// ...
"scripts": {
"build": "WEBPACK_ENV=production webpack",
"dev": "webpack",
"serve": "http-server dist -p 8000"
}
}
Step 2: Add JavaScript Files
Now let's add a couple JavaScript files. First, our Logger at src/modules/logger.js:
// src/modules/logger.js
const sayHi = () => {
console.log("Hi!")
}
export { sayHi }
And our main file (src/main.js), which will be responsible for exporting the Logger object.
// src/main.js
import * as Logger from "./modules/logger"
export { Logger }
Note: If this were a bigger web project where you have more files in your src directory, you'd probably want to put these files in some other nested place, like a js directory.
Step 3: Add webpack Config
Next, let's add our webpack config. This code example is commented so you can see what's going on:
// webpack.config.js
const path = require("path")
// Used to determine whether to watch the files or build.
const env = process.env.WEBPACK_ENV || "development"
module.exports = {
// The main file for the bundle.
entry: "./src/main.js",
output: {
// Name of the bundle file.
filename: "bundle.js",
// Directory in which the bundle should be placed.
// Here we're saying `dist/js/bundle.js` will be our bundled file.
path: path.resolve(__dirname, "dist/js"),
// These two library items tells webpack to make the code exported by main.js available as a variable called `App`.
libraryTarget: "var",
library: "App"
},
mode: env,
// If we're in development mode, then watch for changes, otherwise just do a single build.
watch: env !== "production"
}
To summarize:
-
main.jsis the primary targeted file, which will be bundled todist/js/bundle.js. - The exports from
main.jswill be available globally in anAppvariable. - When the
WEBPACK_ENVis set to something other thanproduction, webpack will watch for changes. WhenWEBPACK_ENVis set toproduction, it will build the bundle and then stop running. We're setting this variable automatically in the scripts added topackage.json.
Step 4: Add HTML
Now let's add a simple index.html file to the dist directory, which is where the bundled JS file is going to be placed.
<!-- dist/index.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>Simple Webpack ES6 Pipeline</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello there.</p>
<script src="/js/bundle.js"></script>
<script>
App.Logger.sayHi()
</script>
</body>
</html>
In most real-world cases, you're probably going to have some sort of a build step that would place the file here, likely provided by the static site generator or other framework you're using.
In this case, we're placing the file in here as though it was already built so we can stay focused and not worry about all that setup.
Step 5: Run it!
We actually have two commands we have to run to get this to work. First, build the JavaScript bundle:
$ npm run build
Then you can run the web server:
$ npm run serve
Now visit localhost:8000, open your browser's console, and you should see the message "Hi!" printed!
If you want to to make changes to JavaScript and see them reflected without reloading your web server, you can use two terminal tabs. Run npm run serve in one to run the web server, and npm run dev in the other, which will watch for JavaScript changes and rebuild.
References
That's all it really takes to get up and running with webpack. Starting with a simple foundation is the key to understanding and working with webpack. Now you can build on this base and create something truly awesome and unique to you.
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