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Mohamed Mokhtar
Mohamed Mokhtar

Posted on • Updated on

The Next AGE of Discord

#database #discord #python #tutorial

introducy-gif

TLDR

That's an article about Graph databases gives you a very quick introduction about it and specifically Apache AGE and for the sake of understanding a very simple discord application will be implemented, I hope you enjoy reading it and gives you some new insights and information.

Pilot of the AGE

When I was a student I've heard a lot of thoughts from teachers while having the database or algorithms lectures and sections that if you are going to create a social network application database the best representation for it the graph data structure but for the SQL's being we need to normalize that graphs to fit into our tables

In the following article I am going to guide you to the truth and tell you everything they have not let us know!

are-you-ready

Comparison

From: Designing Data Intensive Applications

  • Query using relational database structured query language
    Graph-on-relational-query

  • Query using cypher and graph database
    Graph-on-cypher

What is going on?

  • Introduction to graph databases
  • Learn about AGE & learning a little about OpenCypher
  • Creating simple app demonstrating the idea (Simple Discord)

Inspiration

  • Our communication channel on Apache age is Discord
  • Some talks about the graph databases performance

Prerequisites

  • PostgreSQL installed
  • Apache AGE installed with correct version of PostgreSQL
  • Cypher Syntax very little knowledge is okay also I will cover some review

Brief introduction to what is the relation between AGE and PostgreSQL

killua

That's how PostgreSQL looks like when we execute that 
LOAD 'age';
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Let's dive into in a very short terms what are Apache AGE and PostgreSQL and their connections

Apache AGE

It is a PostgreSQL extension that provides graph database functionality. That means we could have the relational database alongside the graph database

PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system with over 35 years of active development that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, feature robustness, and performance.

PostgreSQL and Apache AGE

As mentioned before having the extension AGE on top of PostgreSQL allowing you to enable a new feature of the graph databases on top of the structured relational databases, i.e. adding the OpenCypher query language to the SQL language into a single language.

Cypher querying review:

Create new graph 

 SELECT * FROM create_graph('dev-graph');
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Create new graph

Create nodes and edge

querying review
That query creates a node (AS n) of type/label DEVELOPER with properties name, role and department and connects it throw edge (AS e) with type/label MANAGES to another node (AS d) of type/label DEPARTMENT with properties name and returns them

Explanation:

  • (): Everything is wrapped with () is a node
  • []: Everything is wrapped with () is an edge
  • [str:] : str is an alias to hold the edge or if within () the node to mention it in the rest of the query
  • (str: LABEL): LABEL is the category or the label of the node
  • {}: called properties of json type that holds any info you want to add

Query the graph

Query the graph

test=#  SELECT * FROM cypher('dev-graph', $$
MATCH (n:DEVELOPER)-[m:MANAGES]->(d:DEPARTMENT) return n, d
$$) as (n agtype, d agtype);
                                                                    n | d                           

+----------------
 {"id": 844424930131969, "label": "DEVELOPER", "properties": {"name": "Mark", "role": "Head of Engineering", "department": "IT"}}::vertex | {"id": 1407374883553281, "label": "DEPARTMENT", "properties": {"name":
 "IT"}}::vertex
(1 row)
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Question comes to mind

  • Why for every cypher call should I make 
SELECT * from cypher( -- bla bla bla
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Why cannot I write cypher directly?

The answer in very short terms and words because AGE is an extension on top of PostgreSQL it is being injected to the PostgreSQL backend as a function call like the PL/SQL functions you are doing and while the working inside it turns into a query tree and gets involved on the query through replacing the function call with a sub query/ies based on what was inside the cypher so at the end we get a Query Tree is being executed by the executor of the PostgreSQL at the end.

SELECT * FROM (NEW QUERY INJECTED HERE)
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That point introduces us to a very nice project that our team has building for the sake of user experience enhancements called AgeSQL that wraps the cypher call with the repeated portion so that you can start with the cypher query directly, you will find the link on the references

And for sure we cannot forget mentioning the project of AGE Viewer which is one of the interesting projects that is used for the graph visualizations

The being of having a single container for our data both the structured data and non structured data (Graph database alongside SQL) is one of the key features that supports the usage of AGE and specifically being part of PostgreSQL is a high valuable point.

Let's Build the APP

letsgoo

Setup Environment

I am going to use Python3.10 and PostgreSQL 13 alongside Apache AGE 1.3.0 (PG13 version)

PostgreSQL installation:

wget https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v13.3/postgresql-13.3.tar.gz

tar xzf postgresql-13.3.tar.gz
cd postgresql-13.3/

mkdir data
chown $(whoami) data

./configure --prefix=$(pwd) --enable-debug
make
make install

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(pwd)/lib
export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)/bin

echo export PG_PATH=$(pwd) >> ~/.bashrc
echo export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(pwd)/lib >> ~/.bashrc
echo export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)/bin >> ~/.bashrc

# initialize the data directory
./bin/initdb -D ./data

# start the server
./bin/postgres -D ./data >logfile 2>&1 &

# create db named test
./bin/createdb test

./bin/psql test
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AGE installation

wget https://github.com/apache/age/releases/tag/PG13/v1.3.0-
rc0
tar xzf apache-age-1.3.0-src.tar.gz
cd apache-age-1.3.0

echo export AG_PATH=$(pwd) >> ~/.bashrc

make PG_CONFIG=$(PG_PATH)/pg_config install
make PG_CONFIG=$(PG_PATH)/pg_config installcheck

psql test
CREATE EXSTENSION age;
LOAD 'age';
SELECT * FROM ag_catalog.create_graph('test');
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Congrats you are having a working environment now :)
deadpool again

Python Environment 

mkdir discord
git init
virtualenv venv
source venv/bin/activate
touch requirements.txt
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Add the following (that's the same of the driver of age)

psycopg2 --no-binary :all: psycopg2
antlr4-python3-runtime==4.11.1
setuptools
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Save and run pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Then install age driver

cd $(AG_PATH)/drivers/python
python setup.py install
# Go back to AG_PATH
cd $(AG_PATH)
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You are now supposed having a running python AGE environment

deadpool2

Graph creation

  • Create new graph 
LOAD 'age';
SET search_path = ag_catalog;
SELECT * FROM create_graph('discord');
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As it is a simple discord we are going to treat the server as single channel

Schematic

  • User
    • ID
    • Username
    • Full name
  • Server
    • ID
    • Name
  • Message
    • ID
    • Content

Relations

  • (User) -[Member]-> (Server)
  • (User) -[Message]-> (User|Server)

Endpoints

  • CREATE

    • Create User
    • Create Server
    • Join Server
    • Send Message

  • MATCH

    • Get User
    • Get Server
    • Get Messages

Let's get started

touch main.py
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Create connection

db.py

import psycopg2
import age
import os

graph_name = os.environ.get("GRAPH_NAME", "test")
host = os.environ.get("GRAPH_NAME", "localhost")
port = os.environ.get("PORT", "5432")
dbname = os.environ.get("DB_NAME", "test")
user = os.environ.get("USERNAME", "rrr")
password = os.environ.get("PASSWORD", "")

conn = psycopg2.connect(host=host, port=port, dbname=dbname, user=user, password=password)

if conn == None:
    raise ConnectionError("Connection to database failed")

age.setUpAge(conn, graph_name)
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  • Setup query wrapper to avoid writing select * from every time, also at db.py 
def execute_query(conn, graph_name, query, return_count=1):
    if graph_name == None:
        raise ValueError("Graph name is not provided")
    if query == None:
        raise ValueError("Query is not provided")
    as_statement = ", ".join([f"v{i} agtype" for i in range(return_count)])
    print(f"SELECT * FROM cypher('{graph_name}', $$ {query} $$) as ({as_statement});")
    with conn.cursor() as cursor:
        try:
            cursor.execute(
                f"SELECT * FROM cypher('{graph_name}', $$ {query} $$) as ({as_statement});",
            )
            for row in cursor:
                print("CREATED::", row)
            conn.commit()
            return cursor
        except Exception as ex:
            conn.rollback()
            print(type(ex), ex)

# The function that will be used on the querying as a top level 
def eq(query, rc=1):
    """
    Execute query (eq) wrapper it takes the query as an openCypher langauge
    and executes it also it requires having the count of the returns (rc: return count)

    Args:
        - query: string OpenCypher query starts which (MATCH, CREATE, etc)
        - rc: int number of the returned nodes+edges on the query default 1 return
    """
    return execute_query(conn, graph_name, query, rc)
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  • Create user function 
def create_user(name, username) -> age.Vertex:
    # Validate that user with the same username does not exist
    exisiting_user = find_user(username)
    if exisiting_user:
        raise ValueError("Duplicate username")

    cur = eq(
        f"""CREATE (u:User {{username: "{username}", name:"{name}"}}) RETURN u """,
        1,
    )
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if (len(res) > 0):
        res = res[0][0]
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Find user 

def find_user(username) -> age.Vertex:
    cur = eq(
        f"""MATCH (u:User {{username: "{username}"}}) RETURN u """,
        1,
    )
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if len(res) > 0:
        res = res[0][0]
    cur.close()
    return res

def find_user_by_id(id) -> age.Vertex:
    cur = eq(
        f"""MATCH (u:User {{id: "{id}"}}) RETURN u """,
        1,
    )
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if len(res) > 0:
        res = res[0][0]
    else:
        res = None
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Create server 

def create_server(name) -> age.Vertex:
    id = uuid.uuid4()
    cur = eq(
        f"""CREATE (s:Server {{name: "{name}", id:"{id}"}}) RETURN s """,
        1,
    )
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if len(res) > 0:
        res = res[0][0]
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Join server 
def join_server(user_id, sever_id):
    cur = eq(
        f"""MATCH (u:User {{id: "{user_id}"}}), (s:Server {{id: "{sever_id}"}}) 
        CREATE (u)-[e:Member]->(s)
        RETURN e """,
        1,
    )
    if cur == None:
        raise Exception("Incorrect ids provided")
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if len(res) > 0:
        res = res[0][0]
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Send message to 

def send_message_to(from_id, to_id, to_type, message_content):
    if to_type != "User" and to_type != "Server":
        raise ValueError("Incorrect message direction")

    from_user = find_user_by_id(from_id)
    if from_user == None:
        raise Exception("Non-exisiting from user")

    # Check authorization
    if to_type == "Server":
        cur = eq(
            f"""MATCH (u:User {{id: "{from_id}"}}) -[]- (x:Server {{id: "{to_id}"}}) RETURN u """,
            1,
        )
        res = cur.fetchall()
        if res == None:
            cur.close()
            raise Exception("Unauthorized")
        cur.close()
    else:
        to_user = find_user_by_id(to_id)
        if to_user == None:
            raise Exception("Non-exisiting from user")

    cur = eq(
        f"""MATCH (u:User {{id: "{from_id}"}}), (x:{to_type} {{id: "{to_id}"}})
          CREATE (u)-[m:Message {{content:"{message_content}", from:"{from_id}", to:"{to_id}"}}]->(x)
          RETURN m
          """,
        1,
    )
    if cur == None:
        raise Exception("Failed to create the message")
    res = cur.fetchall()
    if len(res) > 0:
        res = res[0][0]
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Get messages of 

def get_messages_of(user_id) -> list[age.Edge]:
    cur = eq(
        f"""MATCH (u:User {{id: "{user_id}"}})-[m:Message]->(x)
        RETURN m """,
        1,
    )
    if cur == None:
        return []
    res = cur.fetchall()
    res = [r[0] for r in res]
    cur.close()
    return res
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  • Main 
from db import create_user, create_server, join_server, send_message_to, get_messages_of

if __name__ == '__main__':
  # Create user 
  user1 = create_user("Mohamed", "mohamed")

  # Create another user 
  user2 = create_user("Ahmed", "ahmed")

  # Create server
  server = create_server("AgeDB")

  # Join server
  join_server(user1.properties["id"], server.properties["id"])

  # Send message to user
  send_message_to(user1.properties["id"], user2.properties["id"], "User", "Hello Ahmed!")
  send_message_to(user1.properties["id"], user2.properties["id"], "User", "Hello Ahmed 2!")

  # Send message to server
  send_message_to(user1.properties["id"], server.properties["id"], "Server", "Hello Server!")

  # Get messages of user
  user1_messages = get_messages_of(user1.properties["id"])

  # Print messages of user
  for message in user1_messages:
      print(message.toJson())
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All codes are provided in the following repository

Conclusion

In that article I have tried to give you a brief introductory to the graph databases and the ability to use it on applications as well as specifically giving an example of usage of Apache AGE alongside PostgreSQL which allows you to have relational database supported by the extension of Graph databases which makes you enjoy all of the key features of PostgreSQL and its robustness in addition to getting AgeDB beside that as well as a simple lesson about OpenCypher it has been provided also. I hope you find the article as a useful resource and gives you the initial steps of your journey with the graph databases

End of the article

thanks-levi

Thank you for reaching here and reading my blog :)

References and resources:

Top comments (2)

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0xog_pg profile image
PGzlan •

Great work! Just had a little question. Are you using bash or zsh? I've never seen a

>> ~/.basrch
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I'm guessing it's a typo. If not, I'm curious about what shell you're using

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rrrokhtar profile image
Mohamed Mokhtar •

That's a typo thanks for noticing that I am going to fix it

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