Selenium is a framework for testing web applications.
Below is my cheat sheet for Selenium.
I'm using Python 🐍, but the concepts are the same for the rest of the languages.
I use Endtest to quickly create Automated Tests and execute them on the cross-browser cloud.
You should check out the docs.
1. Import the Selenium library
You can get Selenium from here.
from selenium import webdriver
2. Start the webdriver and the browser
Starting the webdriver and the Chrome browser.
You can get ChromeDriver from here.
chromedriver = "C:/tests/chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path = chromedriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Firefox browser.
You can get GeckoDriver from here.
geckodriver = "C:/tests/geckodriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = geckodriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Internet Explorer browser.
You can get IEDriverServer from here.
iedriver = "C:/tests/IEDriverServer.exe"
driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = iedriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Safari browser.
Nothing to download. The SafariDriver is integrated in Safari.
driver = webdriver.Safari()
Instead of having machines with all those browsers, I just use Endtest.
It's a platform for Codeless Automated Testing where you can create, manage and execute tests on real browsers on Windows and macOS machines and mobile devices.
3. Open a website
the_url = "https://example.com"
driver.get(the_url)
4. Find an element
Let's try to find this element:
<a href="/sign-up" id="register" name="register" class="cta nav-link">Sign Up</a>
Find element by ID
the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
Find element by Name
the_name = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_name)
Find element by Class Name
the_class_name = 'nav-link'
element = driver.find_element_by_class_name(the_class_name)
Find element by Tag Name
the_tag_name = 'a'
element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name(the_tag_name)
Find element by Link Text
Works only for anchor elements.
the_link_text = 'Sign Up'
element = driver.find_element_by_link_text(the_link_text)
Find element by Partial Link Text
Works only for anchor elements.
the_partial_link_text = 'Sign'
element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(the_partial_link_text)
Find element by CSS Selector
You can extract the CSS Selector from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
*[attribute="attribute_value"]
For our element, a custom CSS Selector would be:
a[href="/sign-up"]
the_css_selector = 'a[href="/sign-up"]'
element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(the_css_selector)
Find element by XPath
You can extract the XPath from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
//*[@attribute = "attribute_value"]
For our element, a custom XPath would be:
//a[@href = "/sign-up"]
You can read more about that here.
the_xpath = '//a[@href = "/sign-up"]'
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath(the_xpath)
5. Click on an element
the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.click()
6. Write text inside an element
Works only for inputs and textareas.
the_id = 'email'
the_email = 'klaus@werner.de'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(the_email)
7. Select an option
Works only for select elements.
<select id="country">
<option value="US">United States</option>
<option value="CA">Canada</option>
<option value="MX">Mexico</option>
</select>
Let's select Canada. 🇨🇦
You can use the visible text:
the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_visible_text('Canada')
You can use the value:
the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_value('CA')
You can also use the index:
the_id = 'country'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
select_element = Select(element)
select_element.select_by_index(1)
8. Take a screenshot
the_path = 'C:/tests/screenshots/1.png'
driver.save_screenshot(the_path)
Selenium does not offer Screenshot Comparison but we know who does.
9. Upload a file
This works by using the send_keys method to write the local path of the file in the input type="file" element.
Let's use this example:
<input type="file" multiple="" id="upload_button">
the_file_path = 'C:/tests/files/example.pdf'
the_id = 'upload_button'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(the_file_path)
You can read more about uploading files in a test here.
10. Execute JavaScript
In some cases, you might need to execute some JavaScript code.
This works exactly like you would execute it in your browser console.
js_code = 'document.getElementById("pop-up").remove()'
driver = execute_script(js_code)
11. Switch to iframe
<iframe id="payment_section">
<input id="card_number">
<input id="card_name">
<input id="expiration_date">
<input id="cvv">
</iframe>
the_iframe_id = 'payment_section'
the_element_id = 'card_number'
the_iframe = driver.find_element_by_id(the_iframe_id)
driver.switch_to.frame(the_iframe)
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_element_id)
element.send_keys('41111111111111')
driver.switch_to.default_content()
Endtest also supports iframes and it even supports Shadow DOM.
12. Switch to the next tab
You have to store the handle of your current tab in a global variable.
If you have only one tab open, the handle is 0.
global nextTab
global currentTab
nextTab = currentTab + 1
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[nextTab])
currentTab = currentTab + 1
13. Switch to the previous tab
global previousTab
global currentTab
previousTab = currentTab - 1
driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[previousTab])
currentTab = currentTab - 1
14. Close tab
driver.close()
15. Close alert
driver.switch_to.alert.accept()
16. Refresh
driver.refresh()
17. Hover
the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
hover = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(the_element)
hover.perform()
18. Right Click
the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
right_click = ActionChains(driver).context_click(the_element)
right_click.perform()
19. Click with offset
In order to precisely click on a certain position in a canvas element, you have to provide the offset.
The offset represents the number of pixels to the right and down, starting from the top left corner of your canvas element.
the_id = "register"
the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
x = 30
y = 20
offset = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element_with_offset(the_element,x,y)
offset.click()
offset.perform()
You can read how to do this with Endtest here.
20. Press Key
the_id = 'register'
element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
element.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
21. Drag and drop
element_to_drag_id = 'ball'
target_element_id = 'goal'
element_to_drag = driver.find_element_by_id(element_to_drag_id)
target_element = driver.find_element_by_id(target_element_id)
ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(element_to_drag_id, target_element).perform()
22. Get Page Source
the_page_source = driver.page_source
23. Get Cookies
cookies_list = driver.get_cookies()
24. Delete Cookies
cookie_item = 'shopping_cart'
# delete one cookie
driver.delete_cookie(cookie_item)
# delete all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()
25. Get first element from list
the_id = 'register'
list_of_elements = driver.find_elements_by_id(the_id)
first_element = list_of_elements[0]
26. Configure Page Load Timeout
driver.set_page_load_timeout(20)
27. Configure Element Load Timeout
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
the_id = 'register'
WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, the_id)))
28. Set window size
driver.set_window_size(1600, 1200)
29. Change the user agent string
the_user_agent = 'hello'
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--user-agent = '+ the_user_agent)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)
30. Simulate webcam and microphone
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--use-fake-ui-for-media-stream")
options.add_argument("--use-fake-device-for-media-stream")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)
31. Add Chrome Extension
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe'
extension_path = 'C:/tests/my_extension.zip'
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_extension(extension_path)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)
32. Emulate mobile device
google_pixel_3_xl_user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9.0; Pixel 3 XL Build/OPD3.170816.012) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.98 Mobile Safari/537.36'
pixel_3_xl_emulation = {
"deviceMetrics": {
"width": 411,
"height": 731,
"pixelRatio": 3
},
"userAgent": google_pixel_3_xl_user_agent
}
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_experimental_option("mobileEmulation", pixel_3_xl_emulation)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path = chromedriver,
chrome_options = options)
I ♥️ Selenium, but I use Endtest instead.
It has so many features, such as:
- Chrome extension to record your tests
- Access to a cloud with real browsers on Windows and macOS machines
- Access to real mobile devices
- Detailed logs
- Screenshot comparison
- Live video of test executions
- Video recording of test executions
- Data-driven testing with CSV files
- Scheduler
- Automatic backups
- Endtest API
- Email notifications
- Slack notifications
- Webhook notifications
- Endtest Mailbox
- Different geolocations (🇺🇸🇩🇪🇬🇧🇫🇷🇦🇺🇯🇵)
And the Documentation section is a gold mine. 🤓
Top comments (6)
Pretty good article about selenium syntax and uses.
I used to build tests with selenium and JAVA, and instead of calling the elements id or xpath, I made a PageObject that stores every component used, removing the long id's from the action code.
I'm absolutely going to try endtest too.
Congratulations on your article!
Thank you.
And it's great that you mentioned Page Object Model, it's really useful.
I forgot to mention it in this article.
What a quality post you have here, I really needed this!
Thank you.
Question : why Selenium over something like TestCafe?
Great article , I must say.....
only one minor typo : element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_name)>>element = driver.find_element_by_name(the_name)