Okay! You may be writing your code in JavaScript for ages, you know what logic to use when but, have you ever wondered how variable or function created holds information about its environment?
Well, there's something called Execution Context which gets created by our JS Engine which does all the magic in the background. Let's demystify it in this article.

What is Execution Context?

By the name we can decode it as:

Execution = to execute out code,
Context = specific environment

Hence, Execution Context provides information about our environment where our specific code is stored and executed.

Whenever a script is executed by the JS engine, a new execution context is created. By default Global Execution Context is created.

Global/Default Execution Context

It is the first thing that is created when we write JavaScript code. Hence referred to as Default Context. Since JS is a single-threaded language, only one Global Execution Context(GEC) is created for executing the code.

It has two phases:

1) Creation phase
2) Execution phase

Let's dive deep into it!

1) Creation Phase

In this phase, the compilation of JS code is done but doesn't involve the execution of code. Let's consider the following program.

let x = 5;

function printHello() {
    console.log("Hello Kitty!");
}

printHello();

When we debug this program with our developer's tool of our browser, we could notice that the value of x variable is coming as undefined in our scripts and "Hello Kitty!" has not been printed in our console. Also, there's something called window present in our global scope.

This means in Creation Phase following this happens:

• variables - initialized with undefined value
• functions - declared and initialized but are NOT executed yet
• window/global object - gets created (holds information about function arguments, variables as well as inner functions declaration)
• this - created which points to the global object created above

2) Execution Phase

Finally! Our code gets executed in this phase. JS engine executes the code line-by-line where all the variables are finally initialized with their value and functions get invoked. For each function invocation, Functional Execution Context gets created. Let's learn about this.

Functional/Local Execution Context

Whenever a new function gets called, a new execution context is created with basic two phases: The creation phase and the execution phase. This new execution context is known as Local/Functional Execution Context (FEC).

Hence in the above code, while parsing the function invocation we could notice our function being present in the local scope.

This FEC is similar to GEC, the difference is that it creates the arguments object instead of creating the global object where this points to the current object.

Visual Representation

Since, for each function invocation => new execution context is created. Let's visualize this whole concept:

and, this feels trippy! 😵‍💫

For ease of storing Global Execution Context and all Local Execution Context, we have a data structure called Call Stack.

Whenever a new execution context is created, it gets stacked above the previous execution context, and so on. The JS engine takes care of keeping track of this stack's execution so that one execution context gets executed at a time to maintain the Single-threaded nature of JS.

Wrap up

Great! Now we know what execution context it and why is it so useful for our beloved JS engine ❤️ We got a good grasp of the differences between Global Execution Context & Local Execution Context, along with the phases required in their creation.

👏Thanks for reading!