In this tutorial, you'll learn how to use datetime.timedelta
to perform date arithmetic.
With timedelta
you can add days, minutes, seconds, hours, weeks and many more to a datetime.date
or a datetime.datetime
object.
You'll also learn how to:
- convert a
timedelta
to seconds, minutes, hours, or days - convert a time delta to years
- how to take the difference between two dates
- how to format a time delta as string
Let's go!
Table of Contents
- Adding Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks and Whatnot to a Date
- How to convert a
timedelta
to seconds, minutes, hours, or days - How to Take the Difference Between Two Dates
- How to Format a
timedelta
as string - Conclusion
Adding Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks and Whatnot to a Date
A timedelta
object denotes a duration, it can also represent the difference between two dates or times.
We can use this object to add or subtract a duration from a date
and it defines its constructor as datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)
. As you can see, all arguments are optional and default to 0. It can take int
s or float
s, positive or negative.
Even though you can pass weeks, hours, minutes and milliseconds only days, seconds, and microseconds are stored internally.
In this section, we'll see basic arithmetic operations such as adding/subtracting a duration to/from a date
.
How to Use timedelta
to Add Days to a date
or datetime
Object
Since timedelta
represents a duration, we can use it to add days to a datetime
. The number of can be positive or negative, thus allowing us to create a date in the future or in the past. The code snippet below shows an example.
>>> import datetime
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 5, 21, 979147)
>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> now + timedelta(days=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 6, 22, 5, 21, 979147)
>>> now + timedelta(days=-3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 31, 22, 5, 21, 979147)
As you can see, adding a positive number of days yields a future date whereas adding a negative number brings the date to the past.
If you want to add days to a date
object, the process is the same.
>>> today = datetime.date.today()
>>> today
datetime.date(2020, 11, 5)
>>> today + timedelta(days=3)
datetime.date(2020, 11, 8)
How to Use timedelta
to Add Minutes to a datetime
Object
Since timedelta
object sets all arguments to 0 by default, we have the option to set only the ones we need. This allows us to add only minutes, for instance.
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 5, 21, 979147)
>>> now + timedelta(minutes=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 8, 21, 979147)
>>> now + timedelta(minutes=-3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 2, 21, 979147)
How to Use timedelta
to Add Weeks, Hours, Seconds, Milliseconds to a datetime
Adding weeks, seconds, milliseconds and even microseconds works in a similar fashion.
>>> now + timedelta(weeks=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 24, 22, 5, 21, 979147)
>>> now + timedelta(hours=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 4, 1, 5, 21, 979147)
>>> now + timedelta(microseconds=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 5, 21, 979150)
>>> now + timedelta(milliseconds=3)
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 5, 21, 982147)
How to Add Years to a datetime
in Python
It's definitely possible to use timedelta
to add years to a datetime
, but some things can go wrong and it's easy to shoot yourself in the foot. For example, you need to take into account leap years yourself. IMHO, the best way to add a certain number of years to a datetime
is by using the dateutil
library.
>>> import datetime
>>> from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
>>> now + relativedelta(years=2)
datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
How to Add Months to a datetime
in Python
The same problem arises when we need to add months to a datetime
using timedelta
. Adding months
are not supported by default and requires manual calculation. You can use days, but you’d need to know how many days that month has and so. In a nutshell, it’s too error prone. Again, the best you can do is to use dateutil.relativedelta
.
>>> from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
>>> now + relativedelta(years=2)
datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
>>> now + relativedelta(months=12)
datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
>>> now + relativedelta(months=24)
datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 4, 22, 9, 5, 672091)
How to convert a timedelta
to seconds, minutes, hours, or days
A timedelta
object allows adding a delta to a datetime
but sometimes is useful to convert it into a single time unit, such as seconds, or minutes.
In this section, we'll explore how to do that.
How to convert a timedelta
to seconds
A timedelta
has only one method called timedelta.total_seconds()
. This method returns the total number of seconds the duration has. If we want to convert a timedelta
object to seconds, we can just call it.
>>> import datetime
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=34)
# a day has 24h, each hour has 60min of 60s = 24*60*60 = 86400
# 86400s + 34s = 86434s
>>> delta.total_seconds()
86434.0
What is the difference between
total_seconds()
andtimedelta.seconds
?
total_seconds()
—as its name implies—corresponds to total seconds within the whole duration. On the flip side, timedelta.seconds
is an internal property that represents the number of seconds within a day.
To be more precise, timedelta.seconds
stores the seconds if it is less than a day, that is, from 0 to 86399. Otherwise, if the number of seconds is greater than 86399, timedelta
converts this number to days, or weeks as you'll see in the next example.
>>> import datetime
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=34)
# Delta is withtin 0 and 86399, so delta.seconds returns that number
>>> delta.seconds
34
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=34)
# 1 days + 34s = 86434s, so it overflows to days
>>> delta.seconds
0
>>> delta.days
1
# total_seconds returns 1 day in seconds + 34s = 86434s
>>> delta.total_seconds()
86434.0
How to convert a timedelta
to minutes
To convert a timedelta
to minutes you need to use a bit of math. Unfortunately, timedelta
does not provide any way of accessing the number of minutes in a duration. In the end, you need to do the conversion yourself.
There are two different ways of doing this conversion:
- the first one you divide the
total_seconds()
by the number of seconds in a minute, which is 60 - the second approach, you divide the
timedelta
object bytimedelta(minutes=1)
>>> import datetime
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=3, minutes=13, seconds=34)
# there's NO minutes in a time delta object
>>> delta.minutes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-31-b45e912051b9> in <module>
----> 1 delta.minutes
AttributeError: 'datetime.timedelta' object has no attribute 'minutes'
# we set a variable to represent the number of seconds in a minute
>>> NUM_SECONDS_IN_A_MIN = 60
# we then divide the total seconds by the number of seconds in a minute
# this gives us around 193 minutes
>>> delta.total_seconds() / NUM_SECONDS_IN_A_MIN
193.56666666666666
# alternatively, we use the divide operator
>>> delta / datetime.timedelta(minutes=1)
193.56666666666666
How to convert a timedelta
to hours
We can follow the same logic to convert a timedelta
to hours. Instead of dividing the total_seconds()
by the number of seconds in a minute, or dividing thetimedelta
object by timedelta(minutes=1)
, we do it for hour.
>>> import datetime
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=3, minutes=13, seconds=34)
delta.hours
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-8c2202cab691> in <module>
----> 1 delta.hours
AttributeError: 'datetime.timedelta' object has no attribute 'hours'
>>> delta / datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
3.226111111111111
How to convert a timedelta
to days
Converting a timedelta
to days is easier, and less confusing, than seconds. According to the docs, only days, seconds and microseconds are stored internally. To get the number of days in a time delta, just use the timedelta.days
.
⚠️ WARNING:
timedelta.days
is an internal property that is not listed in the docs, so it's not a good idea to rely on it. A more robust approach is to divide the time delta object bydatetime.timedelta(days=1)
.
>>> import datetime
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(weeks=2, days=3, seconds=34)
# 1 week has 7 days, so 2 weeks has 14 days. 2 weeks + 3 days = 17 days
>>> delta.days
17
# if you want the days including the fraction of seconds, divide it by timedelta(days=1)
>>> delta / datetime.timedelta(days=1)
17.000393518518518
How to convert a timedelta
to years
If you've been following this guide since the beginning you might have started to pick up a pattern. However, I have bad news.
In the "what is timedelta?" section, I mentioned that you can create a timedelta
by passing a combination of days, seconds, microseconds, milliseconds, minutes, hours, and weeks.
By default, timedelta
doesn't support years. To do that we would need to calculate how many weeks there is in how many years we want to pass. It's definitely possible to use timedelta
to add years to a datetime
, but some things can go wrong. For example, you need to take into account leap years yourself.
The idea here is to create a variable that holds the number of seconds in a year. A full year has 365 days, but to account for the leap years, we add 0.25 to it, so 365.25. Each day has 24 hours of 60 min, and each minute has 60s. Multiply everything and you get the number of seconds in a year.
>>> import datetime
# 1 year has 52 weeks, so we create a delta of 2 years with 2*52
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(weeks=2*52, days=3, seconds=34)
>>> delta
datetime.timedelta(days=731, seconds=34)
>>> def timedelta_to_years(delta: datetime.timedelta) -> float:
seconds_in_year = 365.25*24*60*60
return delta.total_seconds() / seconds_in_year
>>> timedelta_to_years(delta)
2.0013700027885517
# round to int, if you don't care about the fraction
>>> int(timedelta_to_years(delta))
2
Another alternative—to me the best one—is to get a delta duration in years is by using the python-dateutil
library.
>>> import datetime
>>> from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
>>> delta = relativedelta(years=2, weeks=3, months=1)
>>> delta
relativedelta(years=+2, months=+1, days=+21)
>>> delta.years
2
>>> delta = relativedelta(years=2, weeks=3, months=15)
>>> delta.years
3
How to Take the Difference Between Two Dates
As discussed earlier, timedelta
can also represent the difference between two dates. The following sub-sections illustrate how you can do that.
How to Calculate the Number of Days Between Two Dates
To obtain the difference between two datetime
objects in days you can use the -
operator, for example.
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 36, 21, 674967)
>>> yesterday = datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 2)
>>> now - yesterday
datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=81381, microseconds=674967)
>>> now - yesterday
datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=81381, microseconds=674967)
>>> (now - yesterday).days
1
How to Calculate the Number of Minutes Between Two Dates
This one requires more work, and we can achieve it in two different ways. The first one is using divmod
and the second one is using timedelta
.
According to the docs , divmod
takes two (non complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. In our case, we want to divide the total number of seconds contained in the duration by the number of seconds in one minute, which is 60.
>>> now = datetime.datetime.now()
>>> now
datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 3, 22, 57, 12, 300437)
>>> yesterday = datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 2, 22, 57, 12, 300437)
>>> diff = now - yesterday
>>> diff.total_seconds()
86400.0
>>> diff / timedelta(minutes=1)
1440.0
>>> divmod(diff.total_seconds(), 60)
(1440.0, 0.0)
>>> int(diff / timedelta(minutes=1))
1440
How to Format a timedelta
as string
Sometimes we want to get a string representation of a timedelta
object. Even though you can do that by calling str(timedelta_obj)
, sometimes the result will not be good. The reason is that it can vary depending on the length of the duration the object represents. For example, take a look at what happens when you try to print different timedelta
s.
>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> timedelta(seconds=123)
datetime.timedelta(seconds=123)
>>> str(timedelta(seconds=123))
'0:02:03'
>>> str(timedelta(seconds=123456))
'1 day, 10:17:36'
>>> str(timedelta(seconds=1234.56))
'0:20:34.560000'
With that in mind, the question is: how can we have a more consistent format?
Sadly, we don’t have many options other than implementing a formatting function ourselves. The good thing is, that’s not so hard.
Suppose we want to print the timedelta
in this format: [N days] %H:%M:%S
. One way to do that is using python’s f-strings.
def format_timedelta(delta: timedelta) -> str:
"""Formats a timedelta duration to [N days] %H:%M:%S format"""
seconds = int(delta.total_seconds())
secs_in_a_day = 86400
secs_in_a_hour = 3600
secs_in_a_min = 60
days, seconds = divmod(seconds, secs_in_a_day)
hours, seconds = divmod(seconds, secs_in_a_hour)
minutes, seconds = divmod(seconds, secs_in_a_min)
time_fmt = f"{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}"
if days > 0:
suffix = "s" if days > 1 else ""
return f"{days} day{suffix} {time_fmt}"
return time_fmt
>>> format_timedelta(timedelta(hours=23, seconds=3809))
'1 day 00:03:29'
>>> format_timedelta(timedelta(hours=23))
'23:00:00'
>>> format_timedelta(timedelta(hours=25))
'1 day 01:00:00'
>>> format_timedelta(timedelta(hours=48, seconds=3700))
'2 days 01:01:40'
Conclusion
That’s it for today, folks! I hope you’ve learned something different and useful. Knowing how to perform date calculations such as addition and subtraction is very important. The timedelta
object is good enough for most situations but if you need more complex operations go for the dateutil
library.
Other posts you may like:
- 73 Examples to Help You Master Python's f-strings
- How to Check if an Exception Is Raised (or Not) With pytest
- 3 Ways to Unit Test REST APIs in Python
- Everything You Need to Know About Python's Namedtuples
- The Best Way to Compare Two Dictionaries in Python
- The Best Ways to Compare Two Lists in Python
- How to Compare Two Strings in Python (in 8 Easy Ways)
See you next time!
This post was originally published at https://miguendes.me
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