One should be able to use code to work with colors, and think about colors in the same way thinks about other programming artifacts like data and algorithms.
Color models and spaces
To make colors quantifiable and computable color models and color spaces like RGB, HSL or CMYK are used.
CMYK is specific for print. RGB, HSL is specific for computer monitors.
Each model represents colors in a specific way. Sometimes this makes colors computable, in other cases not.
RGB
RGB is a color model where each color has three main properties: the amount of red, green and blue present in each color. Colors in RGB are created by adding / mixing these three basic colors / properties.
There is a fourth, optional property: alpha transparency, or opacity, defining how transparent a color is.
Notation:
rgba(red, green, blue, alpha transparency)
Where:
- Red: the percentage of red in a color, expressed in
%or [0..255] where 255=100% - Green: the percentage of green in a color
- Blue: the percentage of a blue in a color
- Alpha transparency: how opaque the color is, in percentage. 0 is fully opaque
In CSS notation:
--red: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);
--red-opaque: rgba(255, 0, 0, .5);
--green: rgba(0, 255, 0, 1);
--blue: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1);
--black: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);
--white: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
HSL
HSL is a color model based on RGB. It is an enhancement of RGB to provide a more intuitive framework to think in colors, to mimic an age old best practice of how painters create and use colors.
In HSL a color has again three main properties as hue, saturation and luminosity. Colors in HSL are created by choosing a basic color (hue) and adding grey (saturation) and white or black (luminosity) to it.
There is a fourth, optional property: alpha transparency, or opacity, defining how transparent a color is.
Notation:
hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha transparency)
Where:
- Hue: the color itself, like
red,greenorblue, expressed as an angle. 0deg = red = 360deg, green = 120deg, blue = 240deg. - Saturation: the amount of
greyin a color, in percentage: 0% = the color is fully grey, 100% = no grey at all in the color - Lightness: The amount of
blackandwhitein a color, in percentage: 0% = the color is full black, 50% = the color is fully the color itself, 100% = the color is full white. - Alpha transparency: how opaque the color is, in percentage. 0 is fully opaque.
--red: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 1);
--red-opaque: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5);
--green: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 1);
--blue: hsla(240, 100%, 50%, 1);
--black: hsla(anything, anything, 0%, 1);
--white: hsla(anything, anything, 100%, 1);
RGB vs. HSL
With the RGB notation colors don’t provide information about their nature and relation to other colors in a palette.
For example rgb(125, 125, 125) means a color with equal part of red, green, and blue. rgb(63, 63, 63) means a color with half of the red, green, blue of the previous color.
In HSL hsl(123, 50%, 75%) means a color with 50% grey and 75% white. hsl(256, 50%, 75%) means another color with the same amount of grey and white.
With the HSL notation it’s easy to form a palette. Choose two colors with the same saturation and lightness as primary colors, then iterate through saturation and lightness to get a set of monochromatic color pairs.
It’s an easy, intuitive and programmable method.
With the RGB notation we don’t have such an intuitive way to iterate over colors and still keep them in the same family.
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