Mark Santiago

Posted on Nov 21

How to write ICO smart contract using Solidity and Hardhat

#erc #smartcontract #solidity #presale

Introduction

This article will give you a knowledge of ERC20 token and how to write token smart contract and ICO smart contract using Solidity and Hardhat.

Theory

What is an ERC20 Token?

ERC-20 is a technical standard; it is used for all smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain for token implementation and provides a list of rules that all Ethereum-based tokens must follow.
You can check all the ERC20 functions before moving ahead.

What is an Initial Coin Offering (ICO)?

An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a fundraising mechanism in the cryptocurrency industry, akin to an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the traditional financial sector.

Development of Smart Contracts

ERC20 token contract

Token Specification
- Token Name : MARK Token
- Token Symbol : MRK
- Token Decimal : 18
- Total Supply : 100,000,000,000
- Token Type : ERC20
Token Contract

We will use OpenZeppelin ERC20 contract to create our token and mint 100 billion tokens to the owner of the contract.

//SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.27;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";

contract MKT is ERC20 {
    uint256 private _totalSupply = 100_000_000_000;

    constructor() ERC20("MARK Token", "MKT") {
        _mint(msg.sender, _totalSupply * 10 ** decimals());
    }
}

Token presale contract

Presale Specification
- Presale Supply : 10 billion (10%)
- Presale Period : 30 days
- Softcap : 300000 USDT
- Hardcap : 1000000 USDT
- Buy Token with ETH and USDT
Key functions
- Buy
- Round management
- Claim
- Withdraw
Implementation

We are going to use Chainlink Oracle to get the latest price of USDT and ETH. Alternatively you can use Uniswap or PancakeSwap to get the price of USDT and ETH.

Buy MARK Token with ETH

  function buy_with_eth()
        external
        payable
        nonReentrant
        whenNotPaused
        canPurchase(_msgSender(), msg.value)
        returns (bool)
    {

        uint256 amount_in_usdt = (msg.value * get_eth_in_usdt()) / 1e30;
        require(
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised + amount_in_usdt <
                round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_cap,
            "BUY ERROR : Too much money already deposited."
        );

        uint256 amount_in_tokens = (amount_in_usdt *
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_to_token_rate) * 1e3;

        users_list[_msgSender()].usdt_deposited += amount_in_usdt;
        users_list[_msgSender()].tokens_amount += amount_in_tokens;

        round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised += amount_in_usdt;

        (bool sent,) = round_list[current_round_index].wallet.call{value: msg.value}("");
        require(sent, "Failed to send Ether");

        emit Deposit(_msgSender(), 1, amount_in_usdt, amount_in_tokens);

        return true;
    }

First, the function has several checks through modifiers:

nonReentrant prevents reentrancy attacks
whenNotPaused ensures the contract isn't paused
canPurchase verifies the presale is active and valid purchase amount

Next, it calculates the USDT equivalent of sent ETH using Chainlink oracle price feeds

  function get_eth_in_usdt() internal view returns (uint256) {
        (, int256 price, , , ) = price_feed.latestRoundData();
        price = price * 1e10;
        return uint256(price);
    }

And checks if the purchase amount is within the round cap.

Next, it calculates token amount based on the USDT equivalent using the current round's exchange rate:

Next, it updates the states of the user and the round:

Records user's USDT deposit and token allocation
Updates the total USDT raised in current round
Transfers the ETH to the round's wallet address

Finally, it emits a Deposit event with purchase details and returns true for successful transaction.

Buy MARK token with USDT

Similar to the ETH purchase, we can define the buy function with USDT as follows. The only difference is that this handles direct USDT transfers instead of using price oracles for conversion.

 function buy_with_usdt(uint256 amount_)
        external
        nonReentrant
        whenNotPaused
        canPurchase(_msgSender(), amount_)
        returns (bool)
    {
        uint256 amount_in_usdt = amount_;
        require(
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised + amount_in_usdt <
                round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_cap,
            "BUY ERROR : Too much money already deposited."
        );

        uint256 allowance = usdt_interface.allowance(msg.sender, address(this));

        require(amount_ <= allowance, "BUY ERROR: Allowance is too small!");

        (bool success_receive, ) = address(usdt_interface).call(
            abi.encodeWithSignature(
                "transferFrom(address,address,uint256)",
                msg.sender,
                round_list[current_round_index].wallet,
                amount_in_usdt
            )
        );

        require(success_receive, "BUY ERROR: Transaction has failed!");

        uint256 amount_in_tokens = (amount_in_usdt *
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_to_token_rate) * 1e3;

        users_list[_msgSender()].usdt_deposited += amount_in_usdt;
        users_list[_msgSender()].tokens_amount += amount_in_tokens;

        round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised += amount_in_usdt;

        emit Deposit(_msgSender(), 3, amount_in_usdt, amount_in_tokens);

        return true;
    }

Claim Token

function claim_tokens() external returns (bool) {
        require(presale_ended, "CLAIM ERROR : Presale has not ended!");
        require(
            users_list[_msgSender()].tokens_amount != 0,
            "CLAIM ERROR : User already claimed tokens!"
        );
        require(
            !users_list[_msgSender()].has_claimed,
            "CLAIM ERROR : User already claimed tokens"
        );

        uint256 tokens_to_claim = users_list[_msgSender()].tokens_amount;
        users_list[_msgSender()].tokens_amount = 0;
        users_list[_msgSender()].has_claimed = true;

        (bool success, ) = address(token_interface).call(
            abi.encodeWithSignature(
                "transfer(address,uint256)",
                msg.sender,
                tokens_to_claim
            )
        );
        require(success, "CLAIM ERROR : Couldn't transfer tokens to client!");

        return true;
    }

This function

Checks if presale has ended
Verifies user has tokens to claim and hasn't claimed before
Retrieves and stores user's claimable token amount
Resets user's token balance to 0 and marks as claimed
Transfers tokens to user using the token contract interface
Returns true on successful claim

Withdraw Token

 function withdrawToken(address tokenContract, uint256 amount) external onlyOwner {
        IERC20(tokenContract).transfer(_msgSender(), amount);
    }

This function

Is restricted to contract owner only through onlyOwner modifier
Allows owner to withdraw any ERC20 token from the contract
Takes token contract address and amount as parameters
Transfers specified amount to the owner's address

Round Management

We also need to define functions to manage the rounds:

  function start_next_round(
        address payable wallet_,
        uint256 usdt_to_token_rate_,
        uint256 usdt_round_cap_
    ) external onlyOwner {
        current_round_index = current_round_index + 1;

        round_list.push(
            Round(wallet_, usdt_to_token_rate_, 0, usdt_round_cap_ * (10**6))
        );
    }

  function set_current_round(
        address payable wallet_,
        uint256 usdt_to_token_rate_,
        uint256 usdt_round_cap_
    ) external onlyOwner {
        round_list[current_round_index].wallet = wallet_;
        round_list[current_round_index]
            .usdt_to_token_rate = usdt_to_token_rate_;
        round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_cap = usdt_round_cap_ * (10**6);
    }

  function get_current_round()
        external
        view
        returns (
            address,
            uint256,
            uint256,
            uint256
        )
    {
        return (
            round_list[current_round_index].wallet,
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_to_token_rate,
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised,
            round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_cap
        );
    }

  function get_current_raised() external view returns (uint256) {
        return round_list[current_round_index].usdt_round_raised;
    }

Conclusion

This ERC20 token contract and Presale contract is a comprehensive and secure solution for conducting token presales. It provides features for managing presale rounds, depositing USDT, claiming tokens, withdrawing tokens, and managing rounds. The contract is designed to be flexible and customizable for different presale scenarios.

Top comments (9)

Sebastian Robinson • Nov 21

Thanks.
Good article.

Jackson Mori • Nov 21

Thanks for your article.
Looks nice like always.
👍👍👍

Arlo Oscar • Nov 21

Looks amazing.

Steven • Nov 21

Thanks.
I also have some experience in ICO smart contract.
I guess we can collaborate with each other.
Anyway, your article is impressive
Thanks again