Have you ever noticed that some stuffs like lower()
, upper()
, sort()
etc. are called like this variable.lower()
or variable.sort()
. But most of the other function are called like this len(variable)
, str(variable)
.
What's the difference?
Actually, the first set of examples are actually called attributes or methods.
Let's take the example of lower()
, which acts on the str
datatype.
str
datatype is actually a class and has a number of functions inside it. These functions are called attribute and can be accessed by using the .
notation.
class Hello:
def world(self):
print("Hello World")
hello = Hello() # Instantiate the class Hello
hello.world() # Access the attribute world()
# Prints: Hello World
If you are familiar with OOP programming, this is all very familiar to you. If not, you can read more here.
So, back to our example:
string = "Hello World"
print(string.lower()) # Here, I have called string's (str class)
# attribute lower() which changes case to
# lowercase
l = [1, 3, 2]
l.sort() # Here, sort() is an attribute of l
# (list datatype) which sorts the list
# Thus, lower() and sort() are actually functions inside the
# str and list class respectively
On the other hand, the latter examples were all functions, like your normal def func()
thing. They perform a certain task on the argument that is passed to them. The task may or may not be unique to a particular datatype.
string = "Hello World"
l = [1, 2, 3]
print(len(string)) # Prints the no. of characters in string
# (str datatype)
print(len(l)) # Notice, len() can be applied to list
# datatype (and various other types) too
I hope you leaned something new today π.
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