Comparing throughput of Azure Functions vs Dapr on Azure Container Apps

TL;DR

In this post I show

• (mainly) how .NET Azure Functions (in the 2 currently available hosting options on Azure Container Apps) can be compared to a ASP.NET Dapr application in terms of asynchronous messaging throughput
• some learnings when deploying the 3 variants on ACA (=Azure Container Apps):
  • Azure Functions in a container on ACA, applying KEDA scaling
  • Azure Functions on ACA, leaving scaling up to the platform
  • ASP.NET in a container on ACA using Dapr sidecar, apply KEDA scaling
• extending ApplicationInsights cloud_RoleName and cloud_RoleInstance for Dapr to see instance names in telemetry

jump to results

Although the sample repo additional to Bash/Azure CLI contains a deployment option with Azure Developer CLI, I never was able to sustain stable deployment with this option while Azure Functions on Container Apps was in preview.

Motivation

Azure Container Apps hosting of Azure Functions is a way to host Azure Functions directly in Container Apps - additionally to App Service with and without containers. This offering also adds some Container Apps built-in capabilities like the Dapr microservices framework which would allow for mixing microservices workloads on the same environment with Functions.

Running a sufficiently big workload already with Azure Functions inside containers on Azure Container Apps for a while, I wanted to see how both variants compare in terms of features and above all : scaling.

With another environment we heavily rely on Dapr for synchronous invocations as well as asynchronous message processing. Hence additionally I wanted to see whether one of the frameworks promoted by Microsoft - Azure Functions host with its bindings or Dapr with its generic components and the sidecar architecture - substantially stands out in terms of throughput.

Solution Overview

The test environment can be deployed from this repo - README.md describes the steps required.

Approach

To come to a viable comparison, I applied these aspects:

• logic for all contenders is written in C# / .NET 7
• all contenders need to process the exact same volume and structure of payloads - which is generated once and then sent to them for processing
• test payload (10k messages by default) is send on a queue and scheduled to exactly the same time to force the stack, to deal with the amount at once
• both Functions variants are based on .NET isolated worker, as Functions on Container Apps only support this model
• all 3 variants run staggered, not at the same time, on the same Container Apps environment, hence same region, same nodes, same resources ...

Limitations

• Only Service Bus queues are tested. Of course, a scenario like this can also be achieved with pub/sub Service Bus topics and subscriptions. However in our enterprise workloads, where we apply this pattern, we work with queues as these allow a dedicated dead-lettering at each stage of the process - compared to topics, where moving messages from dead-letter to active results in all subscribers (if not explicitly filtered) receivng these messages again.
• Currently not all capabilities of the contesting stacks - like Dapr bulk message processing - are maxed out. Hence there is obviously still some potential for improving individual throughput.

Measuring Throughput

Throughput is measured by substracting the timestamp of the last message processed from the timestamp of the first message processed - for a given scheduling timestamp. A generic query to Application Insights with $TESTPREFIX representing one of the codes above and $SCHEDULE refering to the scheduling timestamp for a particular test run:

query="requests | where cloud_RoleName matches regex '$TESTPREFIX(dist|recv)' | where name != 'Health' and name !startswith 'GET' | where timestamp > todatetime('$SCHEDULE') | where success == true | summarize count(),sum(duration),min(timestamp),max(timestamp) | project count_, runtimeMs=datetime_diff('millisecond', max_timestamp, min_timestamp)"

Evaluating Scaling

While above query is used in the automated testing and recording process, I used this type of query ...

requests
| where cloud_RoleName startswith "func"
| where name != "Health"
| where timestamp > todatetime('2022-11-03T07:09:26.9394443Z')
| where success == true
| summarize count() by cloud_RoleInstance, bin(timestamp, 15s)
| render columnchart

... to see whether the platform / stack scales in an expected pattern, ...

... which pointed me to a strange scaling lag for Azure Functions on ACA:

Microsoft Product Group looked into this observation and provided an explanation in this GitHub issue:

"Initially, some default numbers of nodes are allocated for any ACA environment. During scaling, ACA uses these nodes to create app instances. For container apps scaling, the default number of nodes are sufficient as it uses less cpu, memory per instance. For function apps scaling, the default number of nodes is not sufficient and thus, ACA environment requests more nodes in back end. After new nodes are available to ACA environment, it uses them to create remaining instances for Function app. It takes some time to fetch new nodes and create remaining instances, therefore, we see a gap in processing between both deployments."

When conducting the final battery of tests in October'23 this behavior was partially gone (see results below) when sufficient Functions relevant nodes already had been scaled.

Solution Elements

• a Generate in Function App testdata generates a test data payload (e.g. with 10k orders) and puts it in a blob storage
• one of the PushIngress... functions in the very same Function App then can be triggered to schedule all orders at once on an ingress Service Bus queue - either for Functions or for Dapr
• each of the contestants has a Dispatch method which picks the payload for each order from the ingress queue, inspects it and puts it either on a queue for "Standard" or "Express" orders
• then for these order types there is a separate Receiver function which finally processes the dispatched message

C# project names and queues use a consistent coding for each contestant:

Dispatcher

As .NET isolated does not support multiple outputs for Functions, an optional message output is required to either put message into StandardMessage or ExpressMessage:

using Azure.Messaging.ServiceBus;
using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Models;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.Json;

namespace funcdistributor
{
    public class Dispatch
    {
        [Function("Dispatch")]
        public DispatchedOutput Run(
            [ServiceBusTrigger("q-order-ingress-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] string ingressMessage,
            ILogger log)
        {
            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(ingressMessage, nameof(ingressMessage));

            var order = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Order>(ingressMessage);

            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order, nameof(ingressMessage));

            var outputMessage = new DispatchedOutput();

            switch (order.Delivery)
            {
                case Delivery.Express:
                    outputMessage.ExpressMessage = new ServiceBusMessage(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonSerializer.Serialize(order)))
                    {
                        ContentType = "application/json",
                        MessageId = order.OrderId.ToString(),
                    };
                    break;
                case Delivery.Standard:
                    outputMessage.StandardMessage = new ServiceBusMessage(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonSerializer.Serialize(order)))
                    {
                        ContentType = "application/json",
                        MessageId = order.OrderId.ToString(),
                    };
                    break;
                default:
                    log.LogError($"invalid Delivery type: {order.Delivery}");
                    break;
            }

            return outputMessage;
        }
    }

    public class DispatchedOutput
    {
        [ServiceBusOutput("q-order-express-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")]
        public ServiceBusMessage? ExpressMessage { get; set; }

        [ServiceBusOutput("q-order-standard-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")]
        public ServiceBusMessage? StandardMessage { get; set; }
    }
}

For Dapr this dispatcher is implemented with minimal API just in the top-level file Program.cs - a very concise way almost in Node.js style:

app.MapPost("/q-order-ingress-dapr", async (
    [FromBody] Order order,
    [FromServices] DaprClient daprClient
    ) =>
{
    switch (order.Delivery)
    {
        case Delivery.Express:
            await daprClient.InvokeBindingAsync("q-order-express-dapr", "create", order);
            break;
        case Delivery.Standard:
            await daprClient.InvokeBindingAsync("q-order-standard-dapr", "create", order);
            break;
    }

    return Results.Ok(order);
});

Receiver

in Functions:

using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker.Http;
using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Models;
using System.Text.Json;
using System;

namespace acafrecvexp
{
    public class Receiver
    {
        [Function("Receiver")]
        public void Run(
            [ServiceBusTrigger("q-order-express-acaf", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] string ingressMessage,
            FunctionContext executionContext
            )
        {
            var logger = executionContext.GetLogger("Receiver");

            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(ingressMessage, nameof(ingressMessage));

            var order = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Order>(ingressMessage);

            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order, nameof(order));

            logger.LogInformation("{Delivery} Order received {OrderId}", order.Delivery, order.OrderId);
        }
    }
}

in Dapr with minimal API:

app.MapPost("/q-order-express-dapr", (
    ILogger<Program> log,
    [FromBody] Order order
    ) =>
{
    log.LogInformation("{Delivery} Order received {OrderId}", order.Delivery, order.OrderId);
    return Results.Ok();
});

Scaling

For the Functions and Dapr Container App, a scaling rule can be set. For Functions on ACA this is handled by the platform.

      scale: {
        minReplicas: 1
        maxReplicas: 10
        rules: [
          {
            name: 'queue-rule'
            custom: {
              type: 'azure-servicebus'
              metadata: {
                queueName: entityNameForScaling
                namespace: serviceBusNamespace.name
                messageCount: '100'
              }
              auth: [
                {
                  secretRef: 'servicebus-connection'
                  triggerParameter: 'connection'
                }
              ]
            }

          }
        ]
      }

This setting makes ACA scale replicas up when there are more than 100 messages in active queue.

Results

A first batch of tests in August'23 revealed no substantial disparity between the stacks:

To capture the final results in October'23, I ...

• upgraded dependencies of the .NET projects (e.g. to Dapr 1.11)
• switched from Azure Service Bus Standard Tier to Premium because of that throttling issue explained below, which imho gave the whole scenario a major boost

After these upgrades and probably back-end rework done by Microsoft now a much clearer spread of average duration can be seen: Dapr is obviously handling the processing faster than Functions in Container on ACA and then (currently) Functions on ACA shows the worst performance in average:

West Europe	West US

To be sure to have no regional deployment effects, I deployed and tested in 2 regions.

Looking on the time dimension one can see that Functions on ACA has a wider spread of durations - even processing faster than Dapr at some points:

I am sure, that throughput of all variants can be improved by investing more time in measuring and fine tuning. My approach was to see what I can get out of the environment with a feasible amount of effort.

Nuggets and Gotchas

Apart from the plain throughput evaluation above, I want to add the issues I stumbled over along the way - I guess this is the real "meat" of this post:

Deploying Container Apps with no App yet built

When deploying infrastructure without the apps yet being build, a Functions on ACA already needs a suitable container image to spin up. I solved this in Bicep evaluating whether a ACR container image name was provided or not. Additional challenge then is that DOCKER_REGISTRY... credentials are required for the final app image but not for the tempory dummy image.

...
var effectiveImageName = imageName != '' ? imageName : 'mcr.microsoft.com/azure-functions/dotnet7-quickstart-demo:1.0'

var appSetingsBasic = [
  {
    name: 'AzureWebJobsStorage'
    value: 'DefaultEndpointsProtocol=https;AccountName=${stg.name};AccountKey=${stg.listKeys().keys[0].value};EndpointSuffix=${environment().suffixes.storage}'
  }
  {
    name: 'STORAGE_CONNECTION'
    value: 'DefaultEndpointsProtocol=https;AccountName=${stg.name};AccountKey=${stg.listKeys().keys[0].value};EndpointSuffix=${environment().suffixes.storage}'
  }
  {
    name: 'SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION'
    value: '${listKeys('${serviceBusNamespace.id}/AuthorizationRules/RootManageSharedAccessKey', serviceBusNamespace.apiVersion).primaryConnectionString}'
  }
  {
    name: 'APPLICATIONINSIGHTS_CONNECTION_STRING'
    value: appInsights.properties.ConnectionString
  }
]

var appSetingsRegistry = [
  {
    name: 'DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER_URL'
    value: containerRegistry.properties.loginServer
  }
  {
    name: 'DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER_USERNAME'
    value: containerRegistry.listCredentials().username
  }
  {
    name: 'DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER_PASSWORD'
    value: containerRegistry.listCredentials().passwords[0].value
  }
  // https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Functions/wiki/When-and-Why-should-I-set-WEBSITE_ENABLE_APP_SERVICE_STORAGE
  // case 3a
  {
    name: 'WEBSITES_ENABLE_APP_SERVICE_STORAGE'
    value: 'false'
  }
]

var appSettings = concat(appSetingsBasic, imageName != '' ? appSetingsRegistry : [])

resource acafunction 'Microsoft.Web/sites@2022-09-01' = {
  name: '${envName}${appName}'
  location: location
  tags: union(tags, {
      'azd-service-name': appName
    })
  kind: 'functionapp'
  properties: {
    managedEnvironmentId: containerAppsEnvironment.id

    siteConfig: {
      linuxFxVersion: 'DOCKER|${effectiveImageName}'
      appSettings: appSettings
    }
  }
}

Exactly at this point I struggle with Azure Developer CLI currently: I am able to deploy infra with the dummy image but as soon as I want to deploy the service, the service deployment does not apply the above logic and set the DOCKER_REGISTRY... credentials. Triggering the very same Bicep templates with Azure CLI seems to handle this switch properly.
I had to use these credentials as managed identity was not working yet as supposed.

Extending ApplicationInsights cloud_RoleName and cloud_RoleInstance for Dapr

When hosting ASP.NET with Dapr on Container Apps, cloud_RoleName and cloud_RoleInstance are not populated - which I needed to evaluate how many instances / replicas are scaled.

AppInsightsTelemetryInitializer.cs:

using Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Channel;
using Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility;

namespace Utils
{

    public class AppInsightsTelemetryInitializer : ITelemetryInitializer
    {
        public void Initialize(ITelemetry telemetry)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(telemetry.Context.Cloud.RoleName))
            {
                telemetry.Context.Cloud.RoleName = System.Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("CONTAINER_APP_NAME") ?? "CONTAINER_APP_NAME-not-set";
            }
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(telemetry.Context.Cloud.RoleInstance))
            {
                telemetry.Context.Cloud.RoleInstance = System.Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("HOSTNAME") ?? "HOSTNAME-not-set";
            }
        }
    }

}

Program.cs:

...
builder.Services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry();
builder.Services.Configure<TelemetryConfiguration>((o) =>
{
    o.TelemetryInitializers.Add(new AppInsightsTelemetryInitializer());
});
...

Channeling .env values into Bash scripts for Azure CLI

Coming from Azure Developer CLI where I channel environment values with source <(azd env get-values) into Bash, I wanted to re-use as much of the scripts for Azure CLI as possible.

For that I created a .env file in repository root like ...

AZURE_ENV_NAME="kw-md"
AZURE_LOCATION="westeurope"

... and then source its values into Bash from which I then derive resource names to operate on with Azure CLI

#!/bin/bash
source <(cat $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)/.env)

RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME=`az group list  --query "[?starts_with(name,'$AZURE_ENV_NAME')].name" -o tsv`
AZURE_CONTAINER_REGISTRY_NAME=`az resource list --tag azd-env-name=$AZURE_ENV_NAME --query "[?type=='Microsoft.ContainerRegistry/registries'].name" -o tsv`
AZURE_CONTAINER_REGISTRY_ENDPOINT=`az acr show -n $AZURE_CONTAINER_REGISTRY_NAME --query loginServer -o tsv`
AZURE_CONTAINER_REGISTRY_ACRPULL_ID=`az identity list -g $RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME --query "[?ends_with(name,'acrpull')].id" -o tsv`
AZURE_KEY_VAULT_SERVICE_GET_ID=`az identity list -g $RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME --query "[?ends_with(name,'kv-get')].id" -o tsv`
...

Dapr batching and bulk-message handling

Dapr input binding and pub/sub Service Bus components need to be set to values much higher than the defaults to get a processing time better than Functions - keeping defaults shows Dapr E2E processing time almost factor 2 compared to Functions.

        {
          name: 'maxActiveMessages'
          value: '1000'
        }
        {
          name: 'maxConcurrentHandlers'
          value: '8'
        }

While activating bulk-message handling on the ServiceBus Dapr component did not show any significant effect.

        {
          name: 'maxBulkSubCount'
          value: '100'
        }

Functions batching

Changing from single message dispatching to batched message dispatching and thus using batching "MaxMessageBatchSize": 1000 did not have a positive effect - on the contrary: processing time was 10-20% longer.

single message dispatching

        [FunctionName("Dispatch")]
        public void Run(
            [ServiceBusTrigger("q-order-ingress-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] string ingressMessage,
            [ServiceBus("q-order-express  {
    name: 'WEBSITE_SITE_NAME'
    value: appName
  }
ollector<ServiceBusMessage> outputExpressMessages,
            [ServiceBus("q-order-standard-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] ICollector<ServiceBusMessage> outputStandardMessages,
            ILogger log)
        {
            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(ingressMessage,nameof(ingressMessage));

            var order = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Order>(ingressMessage);

            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order,nameof(ingressMessage));

batched

        [FunctionName("Dispatch")]
        public void Run(
            [ServiceBusTrigger("q-order-ingress-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] ServiceBusReceivedMessage[] ingressMessages,
            [ServiceBus("q-order-express-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] ICollector<ServiceBusMessage> outputExpressMessages,
            [ServiceBus("q-order-standard-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] ICollector<ServiceBusMessage> outputStandardMessages,
            ILogger log)-func", Connection = "SERVICEBUS_CONNECTION")] IC
        {
            foreach (var ingressMessage in ingressMessages)
            {
                var order = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Order>(Encoding.UTF8.GetString(ingressMessage.Body));
                ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order, nameof(ingressMessage));

Functions not processing all messages

Looking at the queue items triggering distributor logic ...

requests
| where source startswith "sb-"
| where cloud_RoleName endswith "distributor"
| summarize count() by cloud_RoleName, bin(timestamp,15m)

... which is strange, considering that the respective PushIngressFuncQ (at ~12:30) sent exactly 10.000 messages into the queue.

Checking how much Service Bus dependencies have been generated for a particular request:

dependencies
| where operation_Id == "cbc279bb851793e18b1c7ba69e24b9f7"
| where operation_Name == "PushIngressFuncQ"
| where type == "Queue Message | Azure Service Bus"
| summarize count()

So it seems, that between sending messages into and receiving messages from a queue, messages get lost - which is not acceptable for a scenario that assumed to be enterprise grade reliable. Checking Azure Service Bus metrics reveals, that the namespace is throttling requests:

OK, but why? Reviewing how Azure Service Bus Standard Tier is handling throttling and considering the approach of moving 10.000 messages at once from scheduled to active hints towards this easily crashing the credit limit applied in Standard Tier. After changing to Premium Tier these throttlings definetely were gone. However when packing so much load simultaneously on the Functions stacks it seems to be system immanent, that not 100% of Functions requests are logged to Application Insights. According to my information this limitation should be put to Azure Functions some time soon.

Conclusion

From results above one might immediately jump to conclude that Dapr (in an ASP.NET frame) suits best for such a message forwarding scenario, because it seems to offer best throughput and when combined with C# minimal APIs a simple enough programming model. Knowing from experience, this simple programming model will not necessarily scale to complex solutions or services with many endpoints and where a certain structure of code (see Clean Architecture etc.) and re-usability is required. Here the simplicity of Functions programming model input-processing-output really can help scale even with not so mature teams - for certain scenarios. So as always in architecture it is about weighing aspects which are important to a planned environment: here technical performance vs team performance.

Azure Functions on Container Apps combined with Dapr extension may help bringing some other aspects together: the capability to connect a huge variety of cloud resources with Dapr paired with the simple programming model of Azure Functions. I shall write about this topic soon in a future post.

Cheers,
Kai