Key Features of C++11

Key Features

- Automatic Type Deduction (auto)

• Description : Allows the compiler to automatically deduce the type of a variable.
• Example Code

auto x = 10; // x is deduced to be an int
auto y = 3.14; // y is deduced to be a double

• Benefit: Improves code readability and is especially convenient when dealing with complex types.

- Range-Based For Loop (range-based for loop)

• Description: A new for loop that allows easy iteration over all elements in a container.
• Example Code

std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4};
for (int n : vec) {
    std::cout << n << " ";
}

• Benefit: Makes the code more concise by eliminating the need to manually handle iterators.

- Lambda Expressions (lambda expressions)

• Description: A feature that allows the creation of anonymous function objects in a concise manner.
• Example Code:

auto add = [](int a, int b) { return a + b; };
std::cout << add(2, 3) << std::endl; // Outputs 5

• Benefit: Increases flexibility by allowing the easy definition of callback functions or one-time-use function objects.

- Smart Pointers (smart pointers)

• Description: Smart pointers like std::unique_ptr and std::shared_ptr automate memory management.
• Example Code

std::unique_ptr<int> p = std::make_unique<int>(10);

• Benefit: Prevents memory leaks and allows clear management of resource lifecycles.

- Move Semantics and Rvalue References

• Description: A feature that enables the transfer (move) of object ownership, particularly useful for reducing the cost of copying large objects.
• Example Code

std::vector<int> v1 = {1, 2, 3};
std::vector<int> v2 = std::move(v1); // v1's resources are moved to v2

- constexpr and Constant Expressions

• Description: A feature that defines constant expressions that can be evaluated at compile-time.
• Example Code

constexpr int square(int x) { return x * x; }

• Benefit: Enhances runtime performance by ensuring that computations are completed during compile time.

- Thread Support

• Description: Introduces support for multithreading programming in the standard library (e.g., std::thread, std::mutex).
• Example Code

std::thread t([] { std::cout << "Hello from thread!" << std::endl; });
t.join();

• Benefit: Simplifies the implementation of multithreaded programs by providing standardized thread management.