I saw this problem on LeetCode couple of years ago: Longest Palindromic Substring
I used to browse problems on LeetCode every time before I was seeking for a new job. But, you know, it's pretty relaxing. I mean, if I found that i couldn't solve a problem easily, I just gave up. No pressure.
Take this Longest Palindromic Substring for example, I met it a few times before, I knew there is an algorithm called Manacher can solve this. But I've never worked it out even though I knew about the algorithm. Let me try again today.
The first idea came into my head was, find all the palindromic sub-strings and check their lengths. It sounds like crazy but it's actually a viable plan. To make it work, we need to check each character and find out the palindromic sub-string that centered with this character. We can store the "radius" of the palindromic sub-string for each character in the original string, then find out the longest one. So the radius obvious can be 1 or more.
For example, for the character d in string
a b c d c b x
the radius is 3 (d, c, b). For character b, its radius is 1 (only including b itself).
The problem is, for a super long string, calculating the radius for each palindromic string is not efficient. We have to find a way to avoid always accumulating the radius from 1.
The Manacher's algorithm is based on this idea.
Diagram 1
- We are going to find out the longest palindromic sub-string in a string
s
- We go through each character from left to right, and put the radius of the palindromic sub-string (which centered with the current character) into an array
P
. - So far the radius (on the right) of the palindromic sub-string with the centre character
s[idx]
can reach the positionmaxRight
, which is the most right position among all the palindromic sub-strings. - At the moment we are at the character
s[i]
. We are going to find the radius of Pi and save it inP[i]
.
Before we start, we need to handle this issue first: if a palindromic string has even number of characters, the centre of it is a space between two characters
If a string has odd number of character(s), the centre is a character:
So the first step of this Manacher algorithm is, eliminating this ambiguity by inserting an arbitrary character (that doesn't appear in the string), say "#", between every two characters of the string:
Diagram 2
- When i < maxRight, the whole Pi or part of Pi has a "mirror" on the other side of
idx
. This "mirror" is Pj. Its centre character is s[j].- If
P[j]
is relatively small - the whole Pj is included in Pidx (See Diagram 1): We find the initial value ofP[i]
. That is,P[i] = P[j]
. Then withi
as the centre, we expand Pi until it's not palindromic any more or reach the end ofs
. - If
P[j]
is relatively large - part of Pj is outside Pidx (See Diagram 2): The initial value ofP[i]
ismaxRight - i
. Then withi
as the centre, we expand Pi until it's not palindromic any more or reach the end ofs
.
- If
- When i > maxRight, it means there is no history record can be used to calculate Pi, so
P[i]
will start from 1.
So the critical part of this algorithm: what is the initial value of P[i]
? The answer is:
P[i] = min(P[j], maxRight - i);
And here's how to get P[j]
: From Diagram 1 we can easily get that idx - j = i - idx
, so j = 2 * idx -i
.
Now we know the position of the longest palindromic sub-string centre and its radius, so we can get its start position and then work out what this sub-string is. The following code is what I submitted to Leetcode, I'm happy with the 12 ms runtime and 10 MB memory used.
class Solution {
public:
string longestPalindrome(string s) {
string retStr = s;
int newLen = s.length() * 2 + 1;
// First step: Insert "#" to make the string size an odd number
for (int i = 0; i < newLen; i += 2)
{
retStr = retStr.insert(i, "#");
}
retStr.insert(0, "$");
// Process retStr
vector<int> p(retStr.size(), 0);
int mx = 0, id = 0, resLen = 0, resCenter = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < retStr.size(); ++i) {
p[i] = mx > i ? min(p[2 * id - i], mx - i) : 1;
while (retStr[i + p[i]] == retStr[i - p[i]]) ++p[i];
if (mx < i + p[i]) {
mx = i + p[i];
id = i;
}
if (resLen < p[i]) {
resLen = p[i];
resCenter = i;
}
}
return s.substr((resCenter - resLen) / 2, resLen - 1);
}
};
from: OZLab
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