Hello! Welcome once more to another chapter in Python. We would be discussing about python lists, dictionaries, tuples, sets, queues, stack and linked list.

Lists

A list is a data structure in python which is mutable (its values can be changed once created), ordered elements in a sequence (they appear in a certain order, thereby enabling us access each element using indexing). Every element in a python list is known as a value. They are used to store multiple items in a single variable. The best part about lists, apart from indexing, is it can contain elements of different data types; strings, characters, integers, float, etc.
Another thing you need to know about lists is the elements in a list must not be unique, so it is possible to duplicate items.
Items in a list are contained in squared braces, like this; [Item1, Item2, Item3]

If you have studied other programming languages such as java or C, just to name a few, you’ll notice that this sounds similar to arrays. So, what’s the difference?
Firstly, a List in python is a built-in data structure in Python and holds a collection of items, that is, to use Lists in python, we don’t need to import anything, we simply use this data structure in our code.
Using an Array in Python on the other hand, requires importing data structure** NumPy package or **array module.
Example; using list vs using arrays in a python program

- Using List

_list = [3, 6, 9, 12]
print(_list)
print(type(_list))

- Using Array

import array as arr
import numpy as np
_array = arr.array(“i”,[3,6,9,12])
print(_array)
print(type(array))
Or using Numpy arrays
_array_np = np.array([“numbers”, 3, 6, 9, 12])
print(_array_np)
print(type(_array_np))
Arrays vs List

_Arrays _

Arrays need to be declared

Arrays can store data very compactly

Arrays handle numerical operations very well

Lists
Lists are not declared
Lists do do not store data in compactly, since they are built in python
Lists cannot directly handle mathematical operations.

When should you use lists?
Use lists when you want to store small data and you do not plan to use any mathematical operations.

*When should you use arrays? *
Use arrays if you have a very long sequence of items or large amount of data and plan on performing mathematical operations on it.

Dictionaries
Like Lists, dictionaries are built-in mutable data structures. Unlike lists, dictionaries are not indexed by a sequence of numbers, but by*_ keys_. Dictionaries consists of keys and its associate _values_. Keys are immutable data types which can either be strings or numbers.
Each key is unique within a dictionary and can, therefore, not be duplicated in the dictionary. It is based on a structure called the *hash table**.

A dictionary is represented by curly braces, {}, and contains the key and their values

Creating a dictionary
first_dict = {
“key1” : “value1”,
“key2” : “values2”
}
Example:
We will pair African countries with their capitals using python dictionaries
countries = [‘Cameroon’, ‘Nigeria’, ‘Kenya’]
capitals = [‘Yaoundé’, ‘Abuja’, ‘Nairobi’]

Creating the dictionary

Africa = {‘Cameroon’:’ Yaoundé’, ‘Nigeria’:’Abuja’,’Kenya’:’Nairobi’}
print(Africa)

Tuples
Python tuples is simply a collection of immutable data objects separated by commas. They hold data in the order proved to them and like the lists, elements in a tuple can be accessed using indexing. Unlike the python list, tuples are easier to process and is more efficient in memory.

Creating tuples
first_tuple = (‘nnene’, ‘geraldine’)
print(first_tuple)

first_tuple = ‘nnene’,’geraldine’
print(first_tuple)
Both codes produces the same thing which is (‘nnene’,’geraldine’)

Sets
A set in python is a mutable unordered collection of items or data types of which no element has a duplicate. Elements contained in a set are immutable. Sets can support mathematical operations like sets, intersection, symmetric difference just to name a few. It is based on a data structure called the hash table.

If many values are present at the same index position, then the value is added to that index position, to form a Linked List. In, Python Sets are implemented using dictionary with dummy variables, where key are the members set with greater optimizations to the time complexity

Creating Python Sets

Sets are created by putting all items into curly braces, separated by comma or by using built-in set() function

Sets with integers

int_set = {2, 4, 6}
print(int_set)

Sets with mixed data types

first_set = {2.0, “Welcome”, (4,6,8)}
print(first_set)

Python Stacks and Queues
Stacks and Queues are two often used data structures in programming. They are the earliest data structures defined computer science. Python lists can play the role of a stack or queue.
Stacks and queue are quite often implemented in an array or linked list.
A Stack is a First-In-Last-Out (FILO) data structure for implementing the first come last serve approach. Adding an item to the top of the stack (push) makes it the first item you will remove (pop) from the top of the stack.

Stack operations
Operations in stack includes; Adding, Deleting and Traversing
_Adding _: Adding an element in a stack is done at the top of the stack
Deleting: If there is no element in the stack , then an underflow occurs(underflow means popping more items in a stack than it actually contains), but if there exists elements in the stack, deletion occurs from the topmost element.
Traversing: This is visiting every element in a stack

Characteristics of stacks

• It is used to parsing the operations. Parsing means processing a piece of code and turning it into machine language
• Duplicating items are allowed
• The order in which you insert in a stack is preserved

A Queue is a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure for implementing a first come first serve approach in programming for sorting. Adding an item (enqueue) at the terminal end of a queue will be accessed last (dequeue).

Operations in queues
Adding: Addition of elements in a queue takes place at the rear end, that is, the back of the queue.
Deleting: If there are no elements in the queue, deleting elements results to underflow, else the elements at the front is deleted.
Traversing: This is visiting every element in the queue.

Characteristics of queues

• It is very useful for parsing CPU task operations
• Elements in the queue can be repeated
• Insertion order is preserved.

Python Linked lists

A linked list is a data structure made of a chain of node objects and each node has a value and a pointer to the next node in chain and are preferred over arrays due to their dynamic size.

Creating Linked list

This is done using the node class. A Node object and another node class is created to use the other object.
Next, appropriate values are passed via the node object pointing to the next data elements.