Java is good for JVM environments. Other alternatives are Kotlin, Scala, Clojure. I suppose Groovy still has a following. I'd probably pick Scala or Clojure.
PHP is good for... well... good for promoting Ruby on Rails or Python with Django. I'd pick Python with Django.
JavaScript (especially ES6 and later) is good for a wide variety of problems, as well as being The Language of the Web (beating out Oracle-nee-Sun Java, Microsoft Silverlight, and Adobe-nee-Macromedia Flash). Alternatives like CoffeeScript 2, TypeScript, Elm all are looking good too. I'd pick Elm
C# is good for the .NET stack, although I think F# has strong potential to be The Next Big Thing. (Primarily because I think FP languages and DSLs will overtake OO languages.) I'd pick F#.
Lua is fabulous as an embedded scripting language.
Python 3 is fabulous as a general purpose and very powerful scripting language.
D language has most everything I wish C++ had. It is almost as if D was created by a C++ compiler vendor who was exasperated by the idiosyncrasies of C++ and wanted to express the same capabilities with a clean syntax without C++ legacy millstone. Oh wait, that's exactly how it came about.
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Java is good for JVM environments. Other alternatives are Kotlin, Scala, Clojure. I suppose Groovy still has a following. I'd probably pick Scala or Clojure.
PHP is good for... well... good for promoting Ruby on Rails or Python with Django. I'd pick Python with Django.
JavaScript (especially ES6 and later) is good for a wide variety of problems, as well as being The Language of the Web (beating out Oracle-nee-Sun Java, Microsoft Silverlight, and Adobe-nee-Macromedia Flash). Alternatives like CoffeeScript 2, TypeScript, Elm all are looking good too. I'd pick Elm
C# is good for the .NET stack, although I think F# has strong potential to be The Next Big Thing. (Primarily because I think FP languages and DSLs will overtake OO languages.) I'd pick F#.
Lua is fabulous as an embedded scripting language.
Python 3 is fabulous as a general purpose and very powerful scripting language.
D language has most everything I wish C++ had. It is almost as if D was created by a C++ compiler vendor who was exasperated by the idiosyncrasies of C++ and wanted to express the same capabilities with a clean syntax without C++ legacy millstone. Oh wait, that's exactly how it came about.