On my quest to stop being intimidated by the command line, the more I learn about it, the more fascinated I become by it.
In my last post ,which you can read here, I talked about the absolute basics anyone needs to get started using the terminal. But there is so much more you can do and in this post I'm going to dive deeper into not only viewing your filesystem in more detail but actually making changes to it.
You got options
We use ls
to list the contents of the current directory, however , we can use ls
with options which are usually preceded by the -
character .Options modify and change the default behaviours of the commands they are paired with. Let me explain:
-
ls -a
lists all contents of a directory, including hidden files and directories. Files starting with a dot.
are hidden and are not displayed with usingls
alone. -
ls -l
lists all contents of a directory in long format and displayed as a table. Each column represents access rights, hard links( number of child directories and files), the username ,the size of the file in bytes, the date and time the files were last modifies and the file's name. -
ls -t
orders files and directories by the date and time they were last modified.
Each option can be used separately or multiple options can be used together like -alt
. In this case -alt
lists all files and directories, including hidden ones in long format, ordered by the date and time they were last modified.
We can also use the command line to copy, move and remove files and directories
Copy
-
cp
copies files and directories. To copy a file into a directory we usecp
with the source file as the first argument and the destination directory as the second argument. If we have the filecodingbooks.txt
that's inside theBooks
directory and we want to copy it's contents into theCoding
directory, then we would do :
cp Books/codingbooks.txt Coding
To copy multiple files into a directory use cp
with a list of the files sources as the first arguments and the destination directory as the last argument:
cp Books/codingbooks.txt Books/ruby.txt Coding
Move
-
mv
works in the exact same way ascp
does. We use the file we want to move as the first argument and the destination directory as the second argument. In this case however, we can usemv
to also rename files . Say we want to renamenotes.txt
toNotes.txt
because we changed our mind and want for files to start with capital letters:
mv notes.txt Notes.txt
Remove
-
rm
removes files. In order to remove directories we userm -r
. The-r
is an option that stands forrecursive
.It modifies the command, similar to what we talked about earlier on, and deletes the directory and child directories. For example,to delete the Pictures directory:
rm -r Pictures
Be careful when using these commands because once you delete the files or directories, they are permanently deleted! You will not be able to retrieve them from the Bin in the GUI.
Wildcards
This one is the most powerful one in my humble opinion and the one that stood out to me the most. Using *
we can select multiple groups of files and directories. Instead of spending lot's of time dragging and dropping files in the GUI or typing in the terminal, if we know we want to select many files of a certain type or that are located in a certain directory, we can use this instead. Below I have a few examples of it's use :
- To list all files in the Documents directory, in long format, that end in
.pdf
ls -l Documents/*.pdf
- To copy all files that begin with
m
and end with.txt
in the current directory, to the Documents directory
cp m*.txt Documents
- To move all files in the working directory to the Pictures directory
mv * Pictures
- To delete all files in the Downloads directory
rm Downloads/*
Those are some of the ways we can manipulate and alter the file system using the terminal.
If you have made it this far, you deserve a cat gif
Top comments (15)
This was such a great read! Thank you so much! I even learned something new!! 😃
I really enjoy the way you write, Dionysia! It's such a pleasure to read, your gifs always make me grin and your explanations are so clear and easy to understand - I wish I had these articles when I first started out getting familiar with the command line! :) I can't wait to read more from you! 😊
Your comment made me day :)
Thank you so much for your support and the nice words you said to me. You are one of the kindest people I have come across.
Thanks again :)
Oh, of course! I absolutely mean it, it's always such a joy to see people being so genuinely interested and excited about code and tech and everything that comes along with it! I'm so glad that you decided to invest the time in writing out and sharing all your findings, so again, if anything, I thank you! 😅😊 I'm just stoked to -alt list everything from now on! 😄
This makes me so happy, yes -alt on everything from now on haha :)
#meta DEV tip
using liquid tags to promote your previous posts gives it a bit more visual flair and breaks up the document a bit.
Don't fear the command line: Navigation
Dionysia Lemonaki ・ Jun 19 ・ 2 min read
Thank you for that tip!
Thanks for this small revision course of command line commands.
The best one I like is the ' rm ' command, which can be used both for moving and renaming files.
Also, I just realised that I cannot empty bin folder with that command.
Keep Coding, keep growing.!
Thank you so much, glad you enjoyed it! :)
Learning the command and being comfortable with it is a super-power. There are things that seem easier and more intuitive with a GUI for most of us. But once you get more comfortable you start to find ways that you can script it, which makes you feel like a wizard. You can also start setting up aliases that do things that you do often with very few keystrokes. At some point, the GUI starts to feel a bit barbaric in comparison.
thank you
I never knew about -t, and I've been using Unix on and off for years. very handy, thanks!
Thank you so much, I appreciate that!
Very great for those starting out!
Thank you so much!
I'll give it a read :)