The Math object in JavaScript provides a set of properties and methods for performing mathematical tasks. Here's a comprehensive cheat sheet for the Math object.
Properties
The Math object has a set of constants:
Property
Description
Value (Approx.)
Math.EEuler's number
2.718
Math.LN2Natural logarithm of 2
0.693
Math.LN10Natural logarithm of 10
2.302
Math.LOG2EBase 2 logarithm of Math.E
1.442
Math.LOG10EBase 10 logarithm of Math.E
0.434
Math.PIRatio of a circle's circumference to its diameter
3.14159
Math.SQRT1_2Square root of 1/2
0.707
Math.SQRT2Square root of 2
1.414
Methods
1. Rounding Methods
Method
Description
Example
Math.round(x)Rounds to the nearest integer
Math.round(4.5) → 5
Math.floor(x)Rounds down to the nearest integer
Math.floor(4.7) → 4
Math.ceil(x)Rounds up to the nearest integer
Math.ceil(4.1) → 5
Math.trunc(x)Removes the decimal part (truncates)
Math.trunc(4.9) → 4
2. Random Number Generation
Method
Description
Example
Math.random()Generates a random number between 0 and 1 (exclusive)
Math.random() → 0.53
Custom Random Int Generator
Random integer between min and max
Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min
3. Arithmetic Methods
Method
Description
Example
Math.abs(x)Absolute value
Math.abs(-7) → 7
Math.pow(x, y)Raises x to the power of y
Math.pow(2, 3) → 8
Math.sqrt(x)Square root of x
Math.sqrt(16) → 4
Math.cbrt(x)Cube root of x
Math.cbrt(27) → 3
Math.hypot(...values)Square root of the sum of squares of arguments
Math.hypot(3, 4) → 5
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Methods
Method
Description
Example
Math.exp(x)e^x
Math.exp(1) → 2.718
Math.log(x)Natural logarithm (ln(x))
Math.log(10) → 2.302
Math.log2(x)Base 2 logarithm of x
Math.log2(8) → 3
Math.log10(x)Base 10 logarithm of x
Math.log10(100) → 2
5. Trigonometric Methods
Method
Description
Example
Math.sin(x)Sine of x (x in radians)
Math.sin(Math.PI / 2) → 1
Math.cos(x)Cosine of x (x in radians)
Math.cos(0) → 1
Math.tan(x)Tangent of x (x in radians)
Math.tan(Math.PI / 4) → 1
Math.asin(x)Arcsine of x (returns radians)
Math.asin(1) → 1.57
Math.acos(x)Arccosine of x
Math.acos(1) → 0
Math.atan(x)Arctangent of x
Math.atan(1) → 0.785
Math.atan2(y, x)Arctangent of y / x
Math.atan2(1, 1) → 0.785
6. Min, Max, and Clamping
Method
Description
Example
Math.max(...values)Returns the largest value
Math.max(5, 10, 15) → 15
Math.min(...values)Returns the smallest value
Math.min(5, 10, 15) → 5
Custom Clamping
Restrict a value to a range
Math.min(Math.max(x, min), max)
7. Other Methods
Method
Description
Example
Math.sign(x)Returns 1, -1, or 0 based on sign of x
Math.sign(-10) → -1
Math.fround(x)Nearest 32-bit floating-point number
Math.fround(5.5) → 5.5
Math.clz32(x)Counts leading zero bits in 32-bit binary
Math.clz32(1) → 31
Examples
Random Integer Between 1 and 100
const randomInt = Math . floor ( Math . random () * 100 ) + 1 ;
console . log ( randomInt );
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Calculate Circle Area
const radius = 5 ;
const area = Math . PI * Math . pow ( radius , 2 );
console . log ( area ); // 78.54
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Convert Degrees to Radians
const degrees = 90 ;
const radians = degrees * ( Math . PI / 180 );
console . log ( radians ); // 1.57
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Find the Largest Number in an Array
const nums = [ 5 , 3 , 9 , 1 ];
console . log ( Math . max (... nums )); // 9
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Extended Use Cases for the Math Object
The Math object has many practical applications. Here’s a list of common scenarios and examples to illustrate how to use it effectively.
1. Randomization
Generate a Random Integer Within a Range
function getRandomInt ( min , max ) {
return Math . floor ( Math . random () * ( max - min + 1 )) + min ;
}
console . log ( getRandomInt ( 1 , 10 )); // Random number between 1 and 10
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Shuffle an Array
function shuffleArray ( arr ) {
return arr . sort (() => Math . random () - 0.5 );
}
console . log ( shuffleArray ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ])); // Shuffled array
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Simulate a Dice Roll
function rollDice () {
return Math . floor ( Math . random () * 6 ) + 1 ; // Random number between 1 and 6
}
console . log ( rollDice ());
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2. Geometry and Shapes
Calculate the Area of a Circle
const radius = 5 ;
const area = Math . PI * Math . pow ( radius , 2 );
console . log ( area ); // 78.54
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Calculate the Hypotenuse of a Triangle
const a = 3 , b = 4 ;
const hypotenuse = Math . hypot ( a , b );
console . log ( hypotenuse ); // 5
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Convert Degrees to Radians
function degreesToRadians ( degrees ) {
return degrees * ( Math . PI / 180 );
}
console . log ( degreesToRadians ( 90 )); // 1.57
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3. Finance and Business
Compound Interest Formula
function compoundInterest ( principal , rate , time , n ) {
return principal * Math . pow (( 1 + rate / n ), n * time );
}
console . log ( compoundInterest ( 1000 , 0.05 , 10 , 12 )); // $1647.01
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Rounding Currency Values
const amount = 19.56789 ;
const rounded = Math . round ( amount * 100 ) / 100 ; // Round to 2 decimal places
console . log ( rounded ); // 19.57
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Calculate Discounts
function calculateDiscount ( price , discount ) {
return Math . floor ( price * ( 1 - discount / 100 ));
}
console . log ( calculateDiscount ( 200 , 15 )); // $170
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4. Games and Animation
Simulate a Coin Toss
function coinToss () {
return Math . random () < 0.5 ? ' Heads ' : ' Tails ' ;
}
console . log ( coinToss ());
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Easing Functions for Smooth Animations
function easeOutQuad ( t ) {
return t * ( 2 - t ); // Simple easing function
}
console . log ( easeOutQuad ( 0.5 )); // 0.75
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Random Spawning Coordinates in a 2D Grid
function randomCoordinates ( gridSize ) {
const x = Math . floor ( Math . random () * gridSize );
const y = Math . floor ( Math . random () * gridSize );
return { x , y };
}
console . log ( randomCoordinates ( 10 )); // e.g., {x: 7, y: 2}
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5. Data Analysis
Find the Maximum and Minimum in an Array
const scores = [ 85 , 90 , 78 , 92 , 88 ];
console . log ( Math . max (... scores )); // 92
console . log ( Math . min (... scores )); // 78
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Normalize Data
function normalize ( value , min , max ) {
return ( value - min ) / ( max - min );
}
console . log ( normalize ( 75 , 0 , 100 )); // 0.75
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6. Physics and Engineering
Calculate Velocity After Free Fall
const gravity = 9.8 ; // m/s^2
const time = 3 ; // seconds
const velocity = gravity * time ;
console . log ( velocity ); // 29.4 m/s
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Period of a Pendulum
function pendulumPeriod ( length ) {
return 2 * Math . PI * Math . sqrt ( length / 9.8 );
}
console . log ( pendulumPeriod ( 1 )); // 2.006 seconds
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7. Number Manipulation
Clamp a Number Within a Range
function clamp ( value , min , max ) {
return Math . min ( Math . max ( value , min ), max );
}
console . log ( clamp ( 15 , 10 , 20 )); // 15
console . log ( clamp ( 5 , 10 , 20 )); // 10
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Convert Negative Numbers to Positive
console . log ( Math . abs ( - 42 )); // 42
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Find the Integer Part of a Number
console . log ( Math . trunc ( 4.9 )); // 4
console . log ( Math . trunc ( - 4.9 )); // -4
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8. Problem-Solving
Check if a Number is a Power of 2
function isPowerOfTwo ( n ) {
return Math . log2 ( n ) % 1 === 0 ;
}
console . log ( isPowerOfTwo ( 8 )); // true
console . log ( isPowerOfTwo ( 10 )); // false
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Generate Fibonacci Numbers
function fibonacci ( n ) {
const phi = ( 1 + Math . sqrt ( 5 )) / 2 ;
return Math . round (( Math . pow ( phi , n ) - Math . pow ( - phi , - n )) / Math . sqrt ( 5 ));
}
console . log ( fibonacci ( 10 )); // 55
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9. Miscellaneous
Generate Random Colors (RGB)
function getRandomColor () {
const r = Math . floor ( Math . random () * 256 );
const g = Math . floor ( Math . random () * 256 );
const b = Math . floor ( Math . random () * 256 );
return `rgb( ${ r } , ${ g } , ${ b } )` ;
}
console . log ( getRandomColor ()); // e.g., rgb(123, 45, 67)
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Calculate Age from Date of Birth
function calculateAge ( birthYear ) {
const currentYear = new Date (). getFullYear ();
return currentYear - birthYear ;
}
console . log ( calculateAge ( 1990 )); // e.g., 34
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