So there are a couple of interesting topics here.
- I’ve been leaning into code-less workflows with AWS Step Functions and this State Machine has nothing but native SDK integrations which include
- DynamoDB (Put, Delete, Get)
- Cognito/User Pools (AdminCreateUser)
- I’ve run into some legacy code that requires a Username to be a bigint and I don’t want to use an RDBMS so I’m using DynamoDB to generate one for me while also being “race condition” proof
As always, if you want to jump straight to the code, here is the Github repository
The Output (Final State Machine)
What I’d like to do is walk through the State Machine touching upon the parts of each step and stitch this together into the diagram above.
Find Last Id
First off, the basis for the DynamoDB elements came from an article I read at Bite-Sized Serverless.
But in my scenario, I wanted to add a full user creation flow in addition to needing to be able to create a user with a BigInt as the username. Sounds strange and I’d love to be able to use a UUID, KSUID or ULID but in the system that I’m building this for, we have some legacy parts that force the BigInt value.
To not have to rely on an RDBMS and leverage DynamoDB instead, I’m working off of using a row in the table to hold the “LastId” that cant be updated and used to build these users. We could fail into a race condition where two processes are trying to update the record at the same time, but by using Optimistic locking I’m going to avoid that issue and just force a retry of the process. DynamoDB does a really good job of this and I’ve used this pattern in a lot of other places at scale with great success.
The table itself uses the patterns that I learned about from Alex DeBrie on Single Table Design
Using a simple PK and SK structure I’m overloading the table by putting multiple Entities in it. One such entity is the USERMETADATA entity that holds the LastId that was used in the user profile
Since I’m sticking to Native Integrations, I’m using the DynamoDB API to execute a getItem on the table of my choosing. That API call looks like this
{
"TableName": "Users",
"ConsistentRead": true,
"Key": {
"PK": {
"S": "USERMETADATA"
},
"SK": {
"S": "USERMETADATA"
}
}
}
The sole purpose of this getItem is to fetch the LastId from the table so it can be used when building the Username and profile. The code below is the function that builds this transition
buildFindLastId = (t: ITable): CallAwsService => {
return new CallAwsService(this, 'FindLastId', {
action: "getItem",
iamResources: [t.tableArn],
parameters: {
TableName: t.tableName,
ConsistentRead: true,
Key: {
PK: {
S: "USERMETADATA"
},
SK: {
S: "USERMETADATA"
}
}
},
service: "dynamodb",
resultSelector: {
"previousUserId.$": "$.Item.LastId.N",
"userId.$": "States.Format('{}', States.MathAdd(States.StringToJson($.Item.LastId.N), 1))"
},
resultPath: "$.context"
});
}
Creating the DynamoDB User
Once the ID is fetched and it has been incremented by 1 (note the intrinsic functions usage States.MathAdd, States.StringToJson and States.Format) I can begin to put together the Transaction that will write the record into DynamoDB.
A couple of things to note
-
attribute_not_existson the PK field. If that attribute value is already in place, the transaction will fail - The update of the
USERMETADATAand the creation of the new user happen in a transaction so it’s an all-or-nothing. If something fails for either of the conditions I’m catching it goes back to the LastId step to try again
buildCreateDynamoDBUser = (t: ITable): CallAwsService => {
return new CallAwsService(this, 'CreateDynamoDBUser', {
action: "transactWriteItems",
iamResources: [t.tableArn],
parameters: {
"TransactItems": [
{
"Put": {
"Item": {
PK: {
"S.$": "States.Format('USERPROFILE#{}', $.context.userId)"
},
SK: {
"S.$": "States.Format('USERPROFILE#{}', $.context.userId)"
},
FirstName: {
"S.$": "$.firstName"
},
LastName: {
"S.$": "$.lastName"
},
EmailAddress: {
"S.$": "$.emailAddress"
},
PhoneNumber: {
"S.$": "$.phoneNumber"
}
},
"ConditionExpression": "attribute_not_exists(PK)",
"TableName": t.tableName
}
},
{
"Update": {
"ConditionExpression": "LastId = :previousUserId",
"UpdateExpression": "SET LastId = :newUserId",
"ExpressionAttributeValues": {
":previousUserId": {
"N.$": "$.context.previousUserId"
},
":newUserId": {
"N.$": "$.context.userId"
}
},
"Key": {
"PK": {
"S": "USERMETADATA"
},
"SK": {
"S": "USERMETADATA"
}
},
"TableName": t.tableName
}
}
]
},
service: "dynamodb",
resultPath: JsonPath.DISCARD,
});
}
So I think I might guess what you are thinking. That’s a lot of code and Javascript/Typescript to make that API call happen. And I’d argue it’s far less code than trying to do this with a Lambda. And it’s cheaper as well because I’m not wasting the step of starting up a Lambda and incurring the execution cost to only run an API call. Not to mention, I’m not paying for nor waiting for a Cold Start to happen. Sure, they aren’t much these days, but they aren’t anything either.
As you can see those, I’m updating the USERMETADATA and also creating a USERPROFILE for the new Username that was built and passed in
Additionally, in the case of failure, it rolls right back to FindLastId to trigger the workflow all over again. As I said above, this pattern works great for dealing with Optimistic locking and doesn’t incur the overhead that happens in other scenarios. Additionally, the volume that this will experience the retry will be totally fine in terms of the likelihood of happening in addition to the < .25 sec delay if the workflow does have to start over
Creating the Cognito User
The moment of truth has come. I’ve got the latest ID, created a new user in a table that will be used to support a User Profile in addition to storing claims that will be customized from the User Pool (that article will come soon) and now it’s time to create the user in Cognito
buildCreateCognitoUser = (u: IUserPool): CallAwsService => {
return new CallAwsService(this, 'CreateCognitoUser', {
action: "adminCreateUser",
iamResources: [u.userPoolArn],
parameters: {
"UserPoolId": u.userPoolId,
"Username.$": "$.context.userId",
"UserAttributes": [
{
"Name": "email",
"Value.$": "$.emailAddress"
},
{
"Name": "email_verified",
"Value": "true"
}
]
},
service: "cognitoidentityprovider",
});
}
This part is really simple. Take the input from above and call the Cognito adminCreateUser API call and you will magically get a new user that is email verified that requires a force password change. Additionally, as I mentioned, you’ll be able to customize those JWT Claims from the data in the table.
What I like about this too, is that if the User Already exists, I’m going to roll back the user creation and act like this never happened.
buildStateMachine = (scope: Construct, t: ITable, u: IUserPool): stepfunctions.IChainable => {
const pass = new stepfunctions.Pass(scope, 'Pass');
const fail = new stepfunctions.Fail(scope, 'Fail');
let rollbackUser = this.buildRollbackUser(t);
let createCognitoUser = this.buildCreateCognitoUser(u)
let createDbUser = this.buildCreateDynamoDBUser(t);
let findLastId = this.buildFindLastId(t);
createCognitoUser.addCatch(rollbackUser, {
errors: [
"CognitoIdentityProvider.UsernameExistsException"
],
resultPath: "$.error"
})
createDbUser.addCatch(findLastId, {
errors: [
"DynamoDB.ConditionalCheckFailedException",
"DynamoDb.TransactionCanceledException"
],
resultPath: "$.error"
})
// correctLastId.next(findLastId);
rollbackUser.next(fail);
return findLastId
.next(createDbUser)
.next(createCognitoUser)
.next(pass);
The above is the actual State Machine workflow code using the fluent CDK API. Notice that on the createCognitoUserIChainable I’m handling the CognitoIdentityProvider.UsernameExistsException which then rolls into the “rollback”. You could of course check for whatever errors you want here.
And in the rollback, I’m simply cleaning up.
buildRollbackUser = (t: ITable): CallAwsService => {
return new CallAwsService(this, 'RollbackUser', {
action: "deleteItem",
iamResources: [t.tableArn],
parameters: {
"TableName": t.tableName,
"Key": {
"PK": {
"S.$": "States.Format('USERPROFILE#{}', $.context.userId)"
},
"SK": {
"S.$": "States.Format('USERPROFILE#{}', $.context.userId)"
}
}
},
resultPath: "$.results",
service: "dynamodb",
});
}
Wrapping Up
I love these State Machines that have zero code outside of the orchestration. Having been in tech for a long time, I’ve seen these types of things come and go but what I love about AWS Step Functions is this
- It scales … seriously it does
- The code to build it is done through a language I’m comfortable with. Not some DSL
- I find that these types of solutions are easy to debug and reason about
- The less code I write, the fewer errors I make. Simple as that
So the next time you need to piece some AWS Serverless things together, have a look at the #zerocode approach. I think you might like it
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