I can CSS a focused input, but what about its label?

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• The Problem
• Solutions
  • Using Adjacent Siblings (🌕🌕🌕🌗🌑)
  • Using Javascript (🌕🌕🌕🌘🌑)
  • Using :focus-within with Explicit Labels (🌕🌕🌕🌕🌘)
  • Using :focus-within with Implicit Labels (🌕🌕🌕🌕🌑)
  • Using :has (🌖🌑🌑🌑🌑)
• Codepen

The Problem

Most of the time, an HTML input element should be properly labeled.

<label for="name">Name</label>
<input id="name" type="text" />

But let's say you want to highlight the "Name" label if someone is typing stuff into its text field. As web developers, we can use CSS to customize how the input looks when focused:

input:focus {
    border-color: red;
}

But... how do you do the same for the label? Turns out it's tricky!

Solutions

Our Stackazon reviewers reference the following resources (and we recommend that you do too when evaluating solutions for other issues!):

• Can I Use - Tracks the browser compatibility of various web features
• Accessibility Support - Tracks to what degree assistive technologies implement accessibility specifications
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines - Essentially a specification for maximizing web accessibility, also called WCAG
• MDN Web Docs - Curated documentation of web features including best practices (and recently got an upgrade!)

Using Adjacent Siblings

Rating: 🌕🌕🌕🌗🌑

CSS provides an adjacent sibling combinator which lets you match an element that is directly after another element.

If you structure your HTML such that the label is directly after the input:

<div class="input-container">
    <input id="name" type="text" />
    <label for="name">Name</label>
</div>

Then you can style the label with the adjacent sibling combinator:

input:focus + label {
    color: red;
}

However, for a text field, conventionally the label is supposed to come before the input.

Unfortunately, the fancy adjacent sibling plus sign only works top-to-bottom! If you try to use label + input:focus, then the styles will only apply to the input directly and not the label. If the label comes first in the markup, then you can't use this combinator to select the label when the input is focused.

That said, CSS to the rescue again! CSS can visually reorder elements on the page:

.input-container {
    display: flex;
}

input { order: 2; }
label { order: 1; }

Reviews

Our reviewers gave this solution 3.5 out of 5 moons, citing excellent browser compatibility but with some accessibility concerns.

Ivan Eaton says:

Of the solutions presented, this has the best browser compatibility, as the adjacent sibling combinator has been implemented in all major browsers, included Internet Explorer, for many years.

Flexbox, though newer, is also widely supported.

See: W3C Selectors Level 4

Serena Redmon says:

I am concerned about how screen readers announce the text field and its label. Visually, it looks like the label comes first since we used the order property, but the screen reader announces the input first instead since it is first in the HTML code.

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) stipulate that order of content in the source code [should be] the same as the visual presentation of the content in order to minimize confusion when using accessibility tools. Therefore, I've rated this solution lower as the adjacency combinator requires the elements be in unconventional order.

See: WCAG on Making the DOM order match the visual order

Using Javascript

Rating: 🌕🌕🌕🌘🌑

When an input is focused or unfocused, it emits an event which we can listen to with Javascript. Additionally, the element has a reference to all of its labels via the labels property. Therefore, we can leverage Javascript with the following strategy:

1. When the input receives focus, add a focused class to its label.
2. When the input loses focus (called blurring), remove the focused class.

document.querySelectorAll('input').forEach(input => {
  input.addEventListener('focus', () => {
    input.labels.forEach(label => {
      label.classList.add('focused')
    })
  })

  input.addEventListener('blur', () => {
    input.labels.forEach(label => {
      label.classList.remove('focused')
    })
  })
})

And now with CSS, you just need to apply styles to the focused class!

.focused {
    color: red;
}

Reviews

Our reviewers gave this solution 3.25 out of 5 moons, citing some browser compatibility issues and complexity as a result of using Javascript.

Ivan Eaton says:

The strategy of leveraging Javascript bypasses all the potential problems with browser compatibility for CSS features, but exchanges that for problems in Javascript feature support.

More specifically, the labels property with this solution uses is not supported in IE 11 and can result in errors if not handled. To maximize compatibility while still using this general approach, I recommend reading how to find an input's associated label.

See: Can I Use HTMLInputElement labels

Jose Scott says:

Introducing Javascript when there are decent CSS-only solutions can feel like overkill. The Javascript here introduces the need to properly manage when and how listeners are added to inputs, which requires some care for sufficiently dynamic pages and forms.

That said, this solution may be preferred if an input has many labels or the input and its label are far apart in the HTML hierarchy such that it is difficult to use CSS selectors to style them.

Using :focus-within with Explicit Labels

Rating: 🌕🌕🌕🌕🌘

CSS offers a relatively new pseudo-class called :focus-within which matches an element if it or any of its descendants have focus. Therefore, as long as the label and its input share a common parent element in HTML, we can use this to style the label:

<div class="input-container">
    <label for="name-field">Name</label>
    <input id="name-field" type="text" />
</div>

.input-container:focus-within label {
    color: red;
}

This works since the focused input is within the input-container div. The selector is essentially saying, "find an input container with focus somewhere inside of it, then find all the container's child labels."

Of note, we are using the label's for attribute to associate it to an input. If the input has an id defined, setting for to equal that id creates the relationship. Notice that in the HTML code above, both for and id are "name-field". This is often called an explicit label.

For more on explicit labels and their counterpart, implicit labels, read Labeling Controls.

Reviews

Our reviewers gave this solution 4.25 out of 5 moons, citing lack of support in old browsers but having the best accessibility of solutions present.

Ivan Eaton says:

Although a simple solution, :focus-within is not supported in IE 11. In a world that is moving away from that old browser, this solution becomes better and better, but unfortunately I cannot recommend it to everyone.

See: Can I use :focus-within

Serena Redmon says:

Of solutions presented, this supports accessibility tools the best: it properly assigns a label to an input and keeps code-order and visual-order the same, both being WCAG requirements.

Using :focus-within with Implicit Labels

Rating: 🌕🌕🌕🌕🌑

Instead of having a containing div, the label is able to contain its associated input directly.

<label>Name
    <input type="text" />
</label>

With this structure, the :focus-within pseudo-class, which matches an element if it or any of its descendants have focus, can be applied directly on the label. When the input inside of it has focus, then the label receives the styling we want.

label:focus-within {
    color: red;
}

Associating a label and input via hierarchy like this, as opposed to using the input's id, creates what's called an implicit label, in contrast to explicit labels in the other solutions.

Reviews

Our reviewers gave this solution 4 out of 5 moons, citing minor accessibility issues and lack of support in old browsers.

Serena Redmon says:

Implicit labels are best used when the id of the input is not known and hence an explicit label cannot be created. This is because, generally, explicit labels are better supported by assistive technology (Ref: Labeling Controls). That said, support has gotten better with time.

For example, as of today, most screen readers now equally support implicit labels and explicit labels. However, voice control software, which can be used by people with movement disabilities preventing them from using a keyboard or mouse, does not always adequately support implicit labels.

See: Accessibility Support for labels

Ivan Eaton says:

Although a simple solution, :focus-within is not supported in IE 11. In a world that is moving away from that old browser, this solution becomes better and better, but unfortunately I cannot recommend it to everyone.

See: Can I use :focus-within

Using :has

Rating: 🌖🌑🌑🌑🌑

A notorious fact about CSS is there is no way to style an element based on elements after it in HTML. So for example, you can't style a quote that contains a link differently than a quote that doesn't, and more relevantly you can't style a label whose input directly after it is focused.

At least, that's true for now: Introducing the :has() pseudo-class!

This pseudo-class matches the element if the selector provided as a parameter also matches. The inner selector is relative to the element with the :has on it.

label:has(+ input:focus) {
    color: red;
}

This says "select labels that have an adjacent sibling which is a focused input". Unlike the Using Adjacent Siblings solution, this does not style the input. This styles the label, exactly what we want.

What's neat about this solution is that the label gets to come before its input and it doesn't require a containing div.

<label for="name">Name</label>
<input id="name" type="text" />

Reviews

Our reviewers gave this solution 0.75 out of 5 moons, citing its experimental status as rendering it unusable for now.

Ivan Eaton says:

Currently, nothing except the newest version of Safari supports this selector, making it impossible to use. Thankfully, Chrome has a proposal out, so maybe someday in the future we'll see this added more universally!

See: Can I Use :has

Codepen