DEV Community

Cover image for Make Sure You Do This Before Switching To Signals
Jordan Powell for Angular

Posted on

Make Sure You Do This Before Switching To Signals

This time last year Standalone Component's were the talk of the Angular town. This year signals have replaced that buzz throughout the Angular Ecosystem. Though it will take some time for the introduction of signals into Angular's ecosystem to take hold, it is important for us to begin thinking about how these changes may or may not affect our applications. In fact, I am proposing one thing that everyone should do before switching to signals. But before I get to that, let's first learn what signals are.

What Are Signals Anyways?

For those interested in learning more, you can view this PR from the Angular team that introduces signals into Angular.

For some historical context, Signals are not a new concept. In fact they are the backbone of reactivity in SolidJS. The SolidJS documentation describes Signals as the following: "They contain values that change over time; when you change a signal's value, it automatically updates anything that uses it."

Ok, but how are Signals different that what we currently have in Angular? The simple answer for many is that they aren't much different from a practical standpoint. But if we dig a little deeper, we will find that Signals solve a long standing performance and architectural problem Angular has with it's current Change Detection mechanism. That mechanism is a library known as Zone.Js. Though it works today, it has some pretty significant performance issues in larger applications that have a lot of changing state. By switching to Signals, we can slowly remove the parts of our applications that depend upon Zone.js and replace them with Signals. This will in effect improve the overall performance across our applications.

Ok, but what about RxJs? RxJs is a huge part of the Angular Ecosystem! It is used for handling streams of asynchronous data in our applications. Thankfully, RxJs isn't going anywhere! Signals however, are being introduced to handle any and all synchronous state changes in our Angular applications. I like to think of it as a replacement for any non RxJs state.

In Short:

  • Async: RxJs
  • Sync: Signals

The Problem

Now that we know a little bit more about Signals and what problems they solve; let's talk about the one thing you should do before switching to them! Let's first look at the problem by looking at a simple example.

Signals affect our Application's state, which in most cases is the most difficult and complex part of our applications. In fact, we want to be REALLY certain that any changes we make aren't causing regression. The best way to assure against this is through automated testing. More specifically UI tests. However, many unit tests written for Angular Components using Karma will break in the process of switching to Signals. This is because they are often times coupled to the implementation of the Component itself.

Let me show you can example below of a simple Standalone CounterComponent:



import { AsyncPipe } from '@angular/common'; 
import { Component } from '@angular/core'; 
import { BehaviorSubject } from 'rxjs'

@Component({ 
  standalone: true,
  imports: [AsyncPipe],
  template: `
    <h3 id="count">Count: {{ count$ | async }}</h3>
    <div>
      <button id="decrement" (click)="decrement()">-</button>
      <button id="increment" (click)="increment()">+</button>
    </div>
  `
})
export class CounterComponent {
  private count = 0;
  private readonly _count = new BehaviorSubject(0);
  count$ = this._count.asObservable()

  increment(): void {
    this.count ++;
    this._count.next(this.count)
  }

  decrement(): void {
    this.count --;
    this._count.next(this.count)
  }
}


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

A typical Karma Unit Test for this component would look like the following:



import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing'; 
import { CounterComponent } from './counter.component';

describe('CounterComponent', () => {
  let component: CounterComponent;
  let fixture: ComponentFixture<CounterComponent>;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    imports: [CounterComponent]
  }).compileComponents();

  fixture = TestBed.createComponent(CounterComponent);
  component = fixture.componentInstance;
  fixture.detectChanges();

  it('should create', () => {
    expect(component).toBeTruthy();
  });

  it('can increment the count', () => {
    const compiled = fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement;
    const count = compiled.querySelector("#count");
    expect(count?.textContent).toContain(0);
    const button = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement.querySelector('#increment')
    button.click();
    fixture.detectChanges();
    expect(count?.textContent).toContain(1);
  });

  it('can decrement the count', () => {
    const compiled = fixture.nativeElement as HTMLElement;
    const count = compiled.querySelector("#count");
    expect(count?.textContent).toContain(0);
    const button = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement.querySelector('#decrement')
    button.click();
    fixture.detectChanges();
    expect(count?.textContent).toContain(-1);
  })
});


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Now we can run our test to validate it works by running:



ng test --watch


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

We should now seeing the following output:

Counter Component Karma Output

Now we can go ahead and refactor our component to use Signals:



import { Component, signal } from '@angular/core'; 

@Component({ 
  standalone: true,
  template: `
    <h3 id="count">Count: {{ count() }}</h3>
    <div>
      <button id="decrement" (click)="decrement()">-</button>
      <button id="increment" (click)="increment()">+</button>
    </div>
  `
})
export class CounterComponent {
  count = signal(0)

  increment(): void {
    this.count.update(c => c = c + 1);
  }

  decrement(): void {
    this.count.update(c => c = c - 1);
  }
}


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Now if we return to our test we will continue to see the following output:

Counter Component Karma Output

Though this example works, it isn't always this trivial. Let's revert those changes we just made and I will show you more complex unit tests that will eventually fail after switching to signals.



describe('CounterComponent', () => {
  let component: CounterComponent;
  let fixture: ComponentFixture<CounterComponent>;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    imports: [CounterComponent]
  }).compileComponents();

  fixture = TestBed.createComponent(CounterComponent);
  component = fixture.componentInstance;
  fixture.detectChanges();

  it('increments count$ when calling increment()', () => {
    component.increment();
    component.count$.pipe(
        take(1)
    ).subscribe((value) => {
        expect(value).toEqual(1)
    })
  })

  it('decrements count$ when calling decrement()', () => {
    component.decrement();
    component.count$.pipe(
        take(1)
    ).subscribe((value) => {
        expect(value).toEqual(-1)
    })
  })


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

If we return to our RxJs implementation and run our tests we just wrote, we will see 5 successful tests passing.

Image description

But, if we refactor our CounterComponent to use signals again, we will now see the following error in our Code Editor.

VS Code Failure Screenshot

As you can see, most tests that test the logic in our Component's class directly will inevitably fail after refactoring to signals. To avoid this issue and improve the overall developer experience and quality of our tests, let's add Cypress Component Tests

Getting Started With Component Testing

If you haven't already done so let's add Component Testing to our application.



npm i cypress -D


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Now we can launch Cypress and click on Component Testing:



npx cypress open


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Cypress Launchpad

Now you can simply follow Cypress's Configuration Wizard to setup Component Testing in your application (if you haven't already done so). You can follow my video below for a more detailed guide to getting started with Angular Component Testing.

Writing Cypress Component Tests

Now that we have Cypress Component Testing configured let's create a Cypress Component test for the CounterComponent.



import { CounterComponent } from "./counter.component"

describe('CounterComponent', () => {
  it('can mount and display an initial value of 0', () => {
    cy.mount(CounterComponent)
    cy.get('#count').contains(0)
  })

  it('can increment the count', () => {
    cy.mount(CounterComponent)
    cy.get('#increment').click()
    cy.get('#count').contains(1)
  })

  it('can decrement the count', () => {
    cy.mount(CounterComponent)
    cy.get('#decrement').click()
    cy.get('#count').contains(-1)
  })
})


Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Now we can run the counter.component.cy.ts spec and we should get the following:

Cypress Test Results

Now let's go ahead and re-run our tests using the signals implementation and we will see the same result. Not only were the Cypress tests significantly easier to write, they also provide additional value that our Karma test runner did not. We are now able to interact with our component in our test runner itself and verify it's output (as opposed to a tiny green dot).

You can find this example repo at https://github.com/jordanpowell88/angular-counter

Conclusion

TLDR: Angular is on πŸ”₯! Signals, Standalone, SSR and so much more. Though the impacts of Signals is yet to be known as of this writing, I think that the safest way forward is to use high quality UI tests.

Admittedly I am biased, but I believe that Cypress Component Tests are the best tool for this job. They are simpler to write and they encourage you to write the UI tests we talked about in this article. In the end, which tool you use is up to you and your team. The most important thing is that you feel confident that the side effects caused by refactoring to signals are caught before your users do!

Latest comments (8)

Collapse
 
murhafsousli profile image
Murhaf Sousli

How does this code work?

  beforeEach(async () => {
    imports: [CounterComponent]
  }).compileComponents();
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Shouldn't it use TestBed.configureTestingModule?

Collapse
 
rezaimn profile image
Mohammadreza Imani

RSM Signal State Management: A Powerful Alternative to NgRx

Hi, everyone, I have created a new angular library and wrote this article about it. It's a new state management based on Signals and it's much easier than Ngrx, lightweight and needs less boilerplate. please check it out and comment your opinion. thanks.

medium.com/@mohammadrezaimn/rsm-si...

Collapse
 
klaster1 profile image
Ilya Borisov

After I saw component.decrement() in the test example, I immediately thought "don't interact with the component class instance directly in your tests, use the DOM!". The Karma/Jasmine combo is perfectly capable of doing the same, so IMO changing the testing framework muddles the solid advice.

Collapse
 
jordanpowell88 profile image
Jordan Powell

Totally agree. The point of the article was not to say you MUST use Cypress Component Testing but to encourage people to use UI based component testing. With that being said, I do believe Cypress Component Testing is a significantly better testing tool for reasons I didn't get into in this article but I also am probably a bit biased

Collapse
 
spock123 profile image
Lars Rye Jeppesen

Things are really changing for the better. It's going to be so good to get rid of ZoneJS.

Collapse
 
oz profile image
Evgeniy OZ

Signals however, are being introduced to handle any and all synchronous state changes in our Angular applications

It's not a breaking change, so users will not be forced to rewrite everything to signals.

Collapse
 
jordanpowell88 profile image
Jordan Powell

Correct. I wasn't attempting to imply this was the case. Great callout

Collapse
 
oz profile image
Evgeniy OZ • Edited

RxJS observables are synchronous by default, they just can be asynchronous - it’s up to you how you will emit values - synchronously or asynchronously.