Modular Architecture for Scalable Frontend Development

In frontend development, maintaining a clean and scalable codebase is critical, especially as projects grow in size. Without a proper structure, the code can become disorganized, hard to navigate, and difficult to maintain. This Article introduces a modular architecture that addresses these challenges, ensuring better organization, reusability, and scalability in your projects.

Problems with Poor Structure

Many growing projects suffer from the following issues:

• Difficult navigation: Files are scattered across the project with no clear organization, making it hard to find or modify code.
• Hard to scale: Adding new features leads to bloated files and increased dependencies between different parts of the app.
• Low maintainability: Changes in one part of the code can cause unexpected issues elsewhere due to tight coupling.
• Duplicate code: Lack of a centralized system leads to repeated functionality across the codebase.

Modular Architecture: The Solution

A modular architecture helps address these problems by organizing your project into self-contained feature modules. Each module contains all the necessary components, logic, and assets related to a specific feature, promoting isolation, reusability, and scalability.

Key Principles

1. Kebab-case Naming Convention: Use kebab-case for all directories and filenames to ensure consistency across the codebase.
2. Encapsulate All Components in Directories: Every component must have its own directory, even if it only contains a single file. This keeps components isolated and prepared for future expansion.
3. Feature-based Modules: Organize the project by features (modules), where each module contains its own components, hooks, stores, and more.
4. Shared Resources: Centralize reusable components, hooks, services, and utilities in a shared directory.
5. Strict Module Boundaries: Modules should only access shared resources and never reach into other modules.

Directory Structure

Below is the base directory structure, showing how the project is organized. This structure can be scaled as more modules are added.

📂 src/
├── 📂 infrastructure/
│   ├── 📂 models/
│   └── 📂 theme/
│
├── 📂 modules/
│   ├── 📂 dashboard/
│   │   ├── 📂 components/
│   │   │   ├── 📂 dashboard-header/
│   │   │   │   └── index.tsx
│   │   │   ├── 📂 dashboard-main/
│   │   │   │   └── index.tsx
│   │   ├── 📂 hooks/
│   │   │   └── use-dashboard-data.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 stores/
│   │   │   └── dashboard-store.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 constants/
│   │   │   └── dashboard-constants.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 services/
│   │   │   └── dashboard-service.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 data/
│   │   │   └── dashboard-data.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 models/
│   │   │   └── dashboard-models.ts
│   │   └── 📄 index.tsx
│   │
│   ├── 📂 user-management/
│   │   ├── 📂 components/
│   │   │   ├── 📂 user-list/
│   │   │   │   └── index.tsx
│   │   │   ├── 📂 user-profile/
│   │   │   │   └── index.tsx
│   │   ├── 📂 hooks/
│   │   │   └── use-user-management.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 stores/
│   │   │   └── user-store.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 constants/
│   │   │   └── user-management-constants.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 services/
│   │   │   └── user-service.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 data/
│   │   │   └── user-data.ts
│   │   ├── 📂 models/
│   │   │   └── user-models.ts
│   │   └── 📄 index.tsx
│
├── 📂 shared/
│   ├── 📂 components/
│   │   ├── 📂 button/
│   │   │   └── index.tsx
│   ├── 📂 hooks/
│   │   └── use-auth.ts
│   ├── 📂 utils/
│   │   └── date-formatter.ts
│   ├── 📂 stores/
│   │   └── app-store.ts
│   ├── 📂 constants/
│   │   └── app-constants.ts
│   ├── 📂 services/
│   │   └── api-service.ts
│   ├── 📂 data/
│   │   └── app-data.ts
│   ├── 📂 models/
│   │   └── shared-models.ts

Explanation of the Structure

1. Infrastructure

The infrastructure folder contains low-level, foundational resources that support the project. These could include models, themes, or configurations shared across the app.

• Models: Define entities or data structures.
• Theme: Global theming or styling settings for consistent UI across the application.

2. Modules

Each module is a self-contained folder that represents a specific feature of the application. Each module encapsulates:

• Components: Contains all UI elements for the module. Each component has its own folder, ensuring separation and future extensibility.
• Hooks: Custom React hooks related to the module’s logic.
• Stores: State management files related to this module.
• Constants: Static data like enums or string values related to the module.
• Services: API calls or other asynchronous logic specific to the module.
• Data: Local or mock data related to the module for easy testing or seeding purposes.
• Models: Module-specific data structures or entities.

Example: Dashboard Module

📂 dashboard/
├── 📂 components/
│   ├── 📂 dashboard-header/
│   │   └── index.tsx  # Component rendering dashboard's header section
│   ├── 📂 dashboard-main/
│   │   └── index.tsx  # Component rendering dashboard's main section
├── 📂 hooks/
│   └── use-dashboard-data.ts  # Custom hook for fetching and managing dashboard data
├── 📂 stores/
│   └── dashboard-store.ts  # State management for dashboard data (e.g., Zustand, Redux)
├── 📂 constants/
│   └── dashboard-constants.ts  # Static values like action types or UI text
├── 📂 services/
│   └── dashboard-service.ts  # Service handling API calls or business logic
├── 📂 data/
│   └── dashboard-data.ts  # Local or mock data for dashboard
├── 📂 models/
│   └── dashboard-models.ts  # Data structures specific to the dashboard module
└── 📄 index.tsx  # Entry point for the dashboard module, used in routing

3. Shared Resources

The shared folder contains reusable resources that can be accessed by any module. These include:

• Components: UI components like buttons, inputs, or modals that can be used across multiple modules.
• Hooks: Reusable logic, such as authentication or form handling.
• Utils: Utility functions like date formatters, validation, etc.
• Stores: Global state management that is shared across modules.
• Constants: Application-wide constants such as routes, configuration values, or environment variables.
• Services: Common services for interacting with APIs, local storage, or global functionality.
• Data: Shared or global data that can be accessed across modules.
• Models: Shared data structures or entities used across multiple modules.

Example: Shared Components

📂 shared/
├── 📂 components/
│   ├── 📂 button/
│   │   └── index.tsx  # A reusable button component used across multiple modules

Additional Tips

Group Related Modules

For larger projects, consider grouping related modules. For example, an admin section could contain modules like dashboard, user-management, and settings, all under a common admin directory:

📂 admin/
├── 📂 dashboard/
├── 📂 user-management/
├── 📂 settings/

Conclusion

A well-structured modular architecture is key to building scalable, maintainable, and efficient frontend applications. By enforcing kebab-case naming conventions, encapsulating all components within directories, and adhering to strict module boundaries, you can create a clean and reusable codebase that grows with your project.

With this approach, your project remains organized, easy to navigate, and ready for future expansion—no matter how large it becomes!

Note: This is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Depending on your project's requirements, the structure may vary. This approach has been personally tested on various React, Next.js, and Vite projects, but always adapt it to suit your specific needs.

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