Base64 encode explained

String.prototype.toBase64 = function () {  
  const base64chars = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdef' +
                      'ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/';

  let plaintext = this,
      result = '',
      padding = '';

  // step 1. ensure that the string is a multiple of three chars
  if (plaintext.length % 3 > 0) {
    for(let count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
      padding += '=';
      plaintext += '\0';
    }
  }

  // step 2. iterate over the input string, three chars at a time
  for (let i = 0; i < plaintext.length; i += 3) {
    // step 3. take three 8-bit (ASCII) chars, and store
    //         them as one single 24-bit number
    //
    // 00000000 8-bit (1 byte)
    // 00000000 00000000 00000000 24-bit (3 bytes)
    //
    // we'll bitshift the first number two bytes (16 bits)
    // we'll bitshift the second number one byte (8 bits)
    // and we'll pop the other number into the third byte
    //
    // 00000000 <------- -------- first char << 16
    //          00000000 <------- second char << 8
    //                   00000000 third char (no shift)    
    const a = plaintext.charCodeAt(i) << 16;
    const b = plaintext.charCodeAt(i + 1) << 8;
    const c = plaintext.charCodeAt(i + 2);
    const n = a + b + c;

    // step 4. separate this 24-bit number into four 6-bit numbers
    //
    // we'll do this by shifting to the right (with zero pad >>>)
    // and then doing a logical AND (&) to strip everything after 
    // the first (right most) six bits
    //
    // e.g.   00001111 00000101 00001010
    // to     |----||- ---||--- -||----|
    //         d     e      f      g
    //
    // >>> 18 00000000 00000000 00000011
    // & 63   00000000 00000000 00111111
    // d =    00000000 00000000 00000011
    //                            
    // >>> 12 00000000 00000000 11110000 
    // & 63   00000000 00000000 00111111
    // e =    00000000 00000000 00110000
    //
    // >>> 6  00000000 00111100 00010100 
    // & 63   00000000 00000000 00111111
    // f =    00000000 00000000 00010100
    //
    // noop   00001111 00000101 00001010
    // & 63   00000000 00000000 00111111
    // g =    00000000 00000000 00001010
    const d = (n >>> 18) & 63;
    const e = (n >>> 12) & 63;
    const f = (n >>> 6) & 63;
    const g = n & 63;

    // step 5. use the four 6-bit numbers as indices to pluck
    //         chars from our char array above, and add to the
    //         result string, before continuing with the loop
    //
    // this works because a 6-bit number is 0-63, and we have
    // 64 characters above. Therefore, we can pluck out chars
    result += base64chars[d];
    result += base64chars[e];
    result += base64chars[f];
    result += base64chars[g];
  }

  // step 6. finally, we'll remove the zero pad we added above
  //         and add the actual padding, then return this string
  return result.substring(0, result.length - padding.length) + padding;
};