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Basic System Commands
| Command |
Description |
| cat |
displays the contents of a file |
| pwd |
displays the current working directory |
| cd |
changes the current directory |
| ls |
lists the contents of a directory |
| cp |
copies files and directories |
| mv |
moves or renames files and directories |
| rm |
removes files and directories |
| mkdir |
creates a new directory |
| rmdir |
removes an empty directory |
| chmod |
changes the permissions of a file or directory |
| ps |
displays information about running processes |
| top |
displays real-time information about system usage |
| kill |
terminates a process |
| shutdown |
shuts down the system |
File Commands
| Command |
Description |
| ls |
lists the files of a directory |
| ls -l |
lists the files of a directory in long format |
| ls -a |
lists all files of a directory, including hidden |
| pwd |
displays the current working directory |
| cd |
changes the current directory |
| cd ~ |
changes the current directory to the home directory |
| cd .. |
changes the current directory to the parent |
| cd - |
changes the current directory to the previous |
| cd / |
changes the current directory to the root |
| mkdir |
creates a new directory with the specified name |
| rmdir |
removes the directory with the specified name |
| touch |
creates a new file with the specified name |
| cp |
copies files and directories |
| mv |
moves or renames files and directories |
| rm |
removes files and directories |
| rm -r |
removes files and directories recursively |
| rm -f |
removes files and directories forcefully |
| rm -rf |
removes files and directories forcefully recursively |
File Permissions
| Command |
Description |
| chmod 777 file |
Gives Read, Write and Execute permissions to everyone |
| chmod 755 file |
Give read, write, and execute permission to owner, and read and execute permission to group and others |
| chmod 644 file |
Give read and write permission to owner, and read permission to group and others |
| chown user file |
changes the owner of a file |
| chown user:group file |
changes the owner and group of a file |
| chmod u+x file |
gives execute permission to the owner |
| chmod g+x file |
gives execute permission to the group |
Users and Groups
| Command |
Description |
| id |
displays the user and group IDs |
| id user |
displays the user and group IDs for a specific user |
| whoami |
displays the current user |
| who |
displays who is logged on |
| who -a |
displays who is logged on and what they are doing |
| last |
displays the last logged in users |
| adduser user |
adds a new user |
| usermod -aG group user |
adds a user to a group |
| groupadd group |
adds a new group |
| userdel user |
deletes a user |
| usermod |
modifies a user account |
| chgrp group file |
changes the group ownership of a file |
Package Management (Needs sudo)
| Command |
Description |
| apt update |
updates the package lists |
| apt upgrade |
upgrades the installed packages |
| apt install package |
installs a package |
| apt remove package |
removes a package |
| apt autoremove |
removes packages that are no longer needed |
| apt search package |
searches for a package |
| apt purge package |
removes a package and its configuration files |
| apt clean |
removes downloaded package files |
| apt autoclean |
removes old downloaded package files |
SSH
| Command |
Description |
| ssh user@host |
connects to a remote host using SSH |
| ssh -p port user@host |
connects to a remote host using SSH on a specific port |
| ssh-keygen |
generates a new SSH key pair |
| ssh-copy-id user@host |
copies the SSH key to the remote host |
| ssh -i key user@host |
connects to a remote host using a specific SSH key |
| scp file user@host: |
copies a file to a remote host |
System Info
| Command |
Description |
| uname |
print system information |
| uname -a |
displays all system information |
| uname -r |
displays the kernel release |
| uname -m |
displays the machine hardware name |
| uname -n |
displays the network node hostname |
| hostname |
displays the network node hostname |
| hostname -I |
displays All IP address |
| uptime |
displays how long the system has been running |
| whoami |
displays the current user |
| df |
displays the amount of disk space available |
| man |
displays manual page |
Privilege Escalation
| Command |
Description |
| sudo |
allows a user to execute a command as the superuser |
| su |
allows a user to execute a command as another user |
| sudo su |
allows a user to execute a command as the superuser |
| sudo -i |
allows a user to execute a command as the superuser |
| sudo -u |
allows a user to execute a command as another user |
| sudo -l |
allows a user to list the allowed commands |
Archiving
| Command |
Description |
| tar -cvf archive.tar |
creates a new archive |
| tar -xvf archive.tar |
extracts files from an archive |
| tar -tvf archive.tar |
lists the contents of an archive |
| tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz |
creates a new compressed archive |
| zip archive.zip file |
creates a new archive in ZIP format |
| unzip archive.zip |
extracts files from an archive in ZIP format |
Searching
| Command |
Description |
| grep pattern file |
searches for a pattern in a file |
| grep -r pattern dir |
searches for a pattern in a directory recursively |
| grep -v pattern file |
searches for all lines that do not contain a pattern |
| grep -i pattern file |
searches case-insensitively for a pattern in a file |
| grep -l pattern file |
displays the names of files that contain a pattern |
| locate file |
searches for a file in the database |
| find dir -name file |
searches for a file in a directory |
| find . |
searches for files in the current directory |
| find / -name file |
searches for a file in the entire system |
| find / -name file -type f |
searches for a file in the entire system for file types |
Process Management
| Command |
Description |
| ps |
displays your currently active processes |
| ps -ef |
displays all processes |
| top |
displays all processes |
| kill pid |
kills the process with the specified process ID |
| killall process |
kills all processes with the specified name |
| bg |
List and resume stopped jobs in the background |
| fg |
Bring the most recently suspended job to the foreground |
Networking
| Command |
Description |
| ifconfig |
displays the network interfaces |
| ifconfig -a |
displays all network interfaces |
| ifconfig eth0 |
displays the network interface eth0 |
| iwconfig |
displays the wireless network interfaces |
| systemctl stop NetworkManager |
stops the NetworkManager service |
| systemctl start NetworkManager |
starts the NetworkManager service |
| systemctl restart NetworkManager |
restarts the NetworkManager service |
| whois domain |
displays whois information for a domain |
| dig domain |
performs DNS lookup for a domain |
| host domain |
performs DNS lookup for a domain |
| nslookup domain |
performs DNS lookup for a domain |
| ping domain |
pings a domain and displays the result |
Keyboard Shortcuts
| Command |
Description |
| Ctrl + C |
Stops the current command |
| Ctrl + Z |
Backgrounds the current command |
| Ctrl + D |
Logs out the current user |
| Ctrl + A |
Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line |
| Ctrl + E |
Moves the cursor to the end of the line |
| Ctrl + L |
Clears the terminal screen |
| Ctrl + Shift + C |
Copies the selected text |
| Ctrl + Shift + V |
Pastes the selected text |
| Ctrl + Shift + T |
Opens a new tab in the current window |
| Ctrl + Shift + N |
Opens a new window in the current session |
| Ctrl + Shift + Q |
Closes the current window |
| !! |
Repeats the previous command |
| exit |
Exits the current shell |
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