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Bernice Waweru
Bernice Waweru

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NumPy Basics : Part 2

This article is a continuation of my previous post on NumPy here.

The NumPy ndarray class is used to represent both matrices and vectors.
A vector is a one-dimensional array.
A matrix is a two-dimensional array.
A tensor is a 3-D or higher dimensional array.

NumPy Operations

  • Adding an element to an array

Use numpy.append() to add an element to the end of an array.

It takes an array and the value to be appended and returns a new array with the value appended to the end.

array_x = np.array([5,6,7,8,9]))
array1 = np.append(array_x, 1)
array1
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Output: array([ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1])

  • Removing an element from an array

Use numpy.delete() to remove the element at a particular index.
The method takes in an array and the index of the value to be deleted and retuns a new aray with the value deleted.

array2 = np.delete(array1,2)
array2
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Output:array([ 5, 6, 8, 9, 1])

  • Sorting an array.
array3 = np.sort(array2)
array3
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Output:array([1, 5, 6, 8, 9])

  • Reshaping an array

Use np.reshape() which takes the array to be reshaped and a tuple of the new shape and returns a copy of the new shaped array.

The output must have the same number of elements.
For instance, a 3x4 array with 12 elements,can be reshaped to 6x2 or 4x3 or 2x6.
You can use numpy.reshape() directly on a numpy array.

arr2 = np.reshape(array_A,(3,2))
arr2
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Output: array([[2, 4],[6, 1],[3, 5]])

  • Flattening an array

Use flatten() to return a one-dimensional array.

arr2.flatten()
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Output:array([2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5])

You can also use ravel() to flatten the array.

array_A.ravel()
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Output:array([2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5])

Note: reshape(), flatten(),ravel() do not affect the original array.

NumPy Arithmetic Operations

In this section, we will cover specific functions in NumPy used in arithmetic operations.
Note: You can only perform arithmetic operations if the arrays have the same structure and dimensions.

1.Addition

Use np.add() or the + arithmetic operator. The output is an ndarray object.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([20,30,40,50,60])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])
np.add(a, b)
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Output: array([24, 35, 46, 57, 68])

c = a+b
print(c)
print(type(c))
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Output:

[24 35 46 57 68]
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
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2.Subtraction
Use np.subtract() or the -arithmetic operator.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([20,3,40,50,60])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])
c = a-b
print(c)
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Output: [16 -2 34 43 52]

Using np.subtract() the second argument is subtracted from the first.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([20,30,40,50,60])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])
np.subtract(b, a)
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Output:array([-16, -25, -34, -43, -52])

3.Multiplication

Use np.multiply() or the * arithmetic operator.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([20,30,40,50,60])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])

print(np.multiply(b, a))
print(a*b)
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Output:
[ 80 150 240 350 480]
[ 80 150 240 350 480]

4.Division

Use np.divide() or using the / arithmetic operator.

import numpy as np
a = np.array([20,30,40,50,60])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])

print(np.divide(b, a))
print(a/b)
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Output:
[5. 6. 6.66666667 7.14285714 7.5]
[5. 6. 6.66666667 7.14285714 7.5]

  1. Statistical Functions

You can get the sum,mean, average and variance of all the elements in an array.

import numpy as np

a = np.array([2.5,3.5 ,4.3,5.4,6.5])

print('The sum is ', np.sum(a))
print('The mean is ', np.mean(a))
print('The average is ', np.average(a))
print('The variance is ', np.var(a))
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Output:

The sum is  22.200000000000003
The mean is  4.44
The average is  4.44
The variance is  1.9664000000000001
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6.Power function
The power() function performs the power of two arrays where the first argument is the base raised to the power of the second argument.

import numpy as np

a = np.array([2,3,4,5,6])
b = np.array([5,4,3,2,1])

print(np.power(a, b))
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Output:
[32 81 64 25 6]

7.Remainder and Modulus

The remainder() function gives the remainder of the two arrays similar to the mod() function.

import numpy as np

a = np.array([2,3,4,5,6])
b = np.array([5,4,3,2,1])

print(np.mod(a, b))
print(np.remainder(a,b))
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Output:

[2 3 1 1 0]
[2 3 1 1 0]
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8.Reciprocal
The reciprocal() function returns the reciprocal of each element in the array.

import numpy as np

a = np.array([2.5,3.5 ,4.3,5.4,6.5])
print(np.reciprocal(a))
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Output:
[0.4,0.28571429, 0.23255814, 0.18518519, 0.15384615]

9.Minimum and Maximum

Use the min() function to get the minimum and the max() function to get the maximum.

array_x = np.array([5,6,7,8,9])
print('The max is' ,array_x.max())
print('The min is' ,array_x.min())
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Output:

The max is 9
The min is 5
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This is wraps up the summary of some of the most commonly used NumPy operations.

Additional Resources

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