C : Operators

1. What are operators and Types?
2. Categories with example

1.What are operators and Types?
-An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. For example + is an operator to perform addition.
-Categories of operators depends upon no. of operands.

2.Arithmetic Operator:performs mathematical operation on numerical values (constants and variables).
2.1 + : addition or unary plus
2.2 - : subtraction or unary minus
2.3 * : multiplication
2.4 / : division
2.5 % : remainder after division (modulo division)
2.6 ++ :increment (pre and post increment)
2.7 -- :decrement (pre and post decrement)

/*arithmetic operators*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 5,b = 7, c;

    c = a+b;
    printf("a+b = %d \n",c);
    c = a-b;
    printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
    c = a*b;
    printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
    c = a/b;
    printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
    c = a%b;
    printf("Remainder when a/b = %d \n",c);
    printf("++a = %d \n", ++a);
    printf("--b = %d \n", --b);
    printf("++c = %f \n", ++c);
    printf("--d = %f \n", --d);

    return 0;
}

Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand.

3.Relational Operator: checks the relationship between two operands. Returns 1, if the relation is true,else returns value 0. They are used in decision making and loops.
3.1 == : Equal to
3.2 != : Not Equal to
3.3 < : Less than
3.4 > : Greater than
3.5 <= : Less than or equal to
3.6 >= : Greater than or equal to

// relational operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 9, b = 2;

    printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);
    printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);
    printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < b);
    printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != b);
    printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);
    printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= b);

    return 0;
}

4.Assignment Operator: used for assigning a value to a variable.
4.1 = : similar to a = b
4.2 += : similar to a=a+b
4.3 -= : similar to a=a-b
4.4 *= : similar to a=a*b
4.5 /= : similar to a=a/b
4.6 %= : similar to a=a%b

// assignment operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 8, c;

    c = a;      // c is 5
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    c += a;     // c is 10 
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    c -= a;     // c is 5
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    c *= a;     // c is 25
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    c /= a;     // c is 5
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    c %= a;     // c = 0
    printf("c = %d\n", c);

    return 0;
}

5.Logical Operator: expression with logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C programming.
5.1 && : Logical AND. True only if all operands are true
5.2 || : Logical OR. True only if either one operand is true
5.3 ! : Logical NOT. True only if the operand is 0

// logical operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 9, b = 2, c = 16, result;

    result = (a == b) && (c > b);
    printf("(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n", result);

    result = (a == b) && (c < b);
    printf("(a == b) && (c < b) is %d \n", result);

    result = (a == b) || (c < b);
    printf("(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);

    result = (a != b) || (c < b);
    printf("(a != b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);

    result = !(a != b);
    printf("!(a != b) is %d \n", result);

    result = !(a == b);
    printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);

    return 0;
}

6.Bitwise Operator: mathematical operations are converted to bit-level during computation which makes processing faster and saves power. They are are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.
6.1 & : Bitwise AND
6.2 | : Bitwise OR
6.3 ^ : Bitwise exclusive OR
6.4 ~ : Bitwise complement
6.5 << : Shift left
6.6 >> : Shift right

// bitwise operators 
#include <stdio.h> 
int main() 
{ 
    unsigned char a = 5, b = 9; 
    printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); 
    printf("a&b = %d\n", a & b); 
    printf("a|b = %d\n", a | b); 
    printf("a^b = %d\n", a ^ b); 
    printf("~a = %d\n", a = ~a); 
    printf("b<<1 = %d\n", b << 1); 
    printf("b>>1 = %d\n", b >> 1); 

    return 0; 
} 

7.Misc Operator:
7.1 sizeof() : Returns the size of a variable.
7.2 & : Returns the address of a variable.
7.3 * : Pointer to a variable.
7.4 ? : Conditional Expression.

8.Ternary Operator: ternary operator evaluates the test condition and executes a block of code based on the result of the condition.
condition ? expression1 : expression2;
-Here, condition is evaluated and if condition is true, expression1 is executed else if condition is false, expression2 is executed.
-The ternary operator takes 3 operands (condition, expression1 and expression2). Hence, the name ternary operator.

//without ternary operator
int a = 1, b = 2, ans;
if (a == 1) {
    if (b == 2) {
        ans = 3;
    } else {
        ans = 5;
    }
} else {
    ans = 0;
}
printf ("%d\n", ans);

//with ternary operator i.e. conversion of above code
int a = 1, b = 2, ans;
ans = (a == 1 ? (b == 2 ? 3 : 5) : 0);
printf ("%d\n", ans);