This post is a basic walkthrough of JavaScript's map, filter, and reduce methods that provides practical use cases of functional programming in JavaScript.

What do they all have in common?

• All three functions are array methods (i.e. methods you can call on your array variables).
• The returned value in each function is a new array containing the result of the operations performed on the original array in a function you provide.

Map

• The map() method allows you iterate over each element in your array, and then manipulate each element in any desired way through the use of a provided function.
• The provided function be an anonymous function, or a named function.
• It is very important to note that you want to use the map() method when you are expecting a return value from your function. Otherwise, it is recommended to use JavaScript's forEach() method when you want to modify the original array.
• TL;DR - map() is a for loop with a return value.

Basic Example

• This is a simple example provided by the MDN webpage on the map() method

const evenNumbers = [2, 4, 6]

const result = evenNumbers.map(currentValue => currentValue * 2)

// result = [4, 8, 12]

Practical Use Case

• This is an example you will often encounter where an API call returns an array of objects containing information about your users.
• The goal here is to extract the list of names from the response received from your API.

const users = [
{
    'name': 'John Doe',
    'address': 'Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9'
},
{
    'name': 'Jane Doe',
    'address': '1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20500'
},
{
    'name': 'Hannibal Lecter',
    address: '10800 97 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5K 2B6'
}]

const names = users.map(currentItem => {
    return currentItem['name']
})

// names = ['John Doe', 'Jane Doe', 'Hannibal Lecter']

Filter

• Similar to the map() method, the filter() method allows you to iterate over the elements of your array.
• Although, the difference in this case is that filter() returns values that pass some test case provided.

Basic Example

• This is another simple example provided by the MDN webpage on the filter() method.

const numbers = [2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 33]

const evenNumbers = numbers.filter(x => x % 2 === 0)

// evenNumbers = [2, 4, 6, 12]

Practical Use Case

• Similar to the previous example, this is a situation where an API call returns an objects containing information about your users.
• The goal is to extract the names of users living outside the United States from the response received back from your API.
• The goal is to extract the names of users living outside of the United States form the response received back from your API.

const users = [
{
    'name': 'John Doe',
    'address': 'Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9',
    'country': 'Canada'
},
{
    'name': 'Jane Doe',
    'address': '1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20500',
    'country': 'United States'

},
{
    'name': 'Hannibal Lecter',
    'address': '10800 97 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5K 2B6',
    'country': 'Canada'

}]

const expatriates = users.filter(currentItem => {
    return currentItem['country'] !== 'United States'
})

/* expatriates = [
{
    name: 'John Doe',
    address: 'Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9',
    country: 'Canada'
},
{
    name: 'Hannibal Lecter',
    address: '10800 97 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5K 2B6',
    country: 'Canada'
}]
*/

• Using this code snippet alone will not suffice if we are attempting to obtain an array containing names alone.
• Therefore, building on the previous knowledge we acquired about the map() method, we will need one more function call.

const expatriateNames = expatriates.map(currentValue => {
    return currentValue['name']
})

// expatriateNames = ['John Doe', 'Hannibal Lecter']

Reduce

• As the name suggests, the reduce() method will accept an array containing multiple values and "reduce" them down into a single return value.

Syntax

    array.reduce((accumulator, current) => {}, initialValue)

Basic Example

• In this particular example, we are attempting to iterate over the elements of an array and sum them up.

const array = [1, 2, 3]

const result = array.reduce((previousValue, currentValue) => {
    return previousValue + currentValue
})

// result = 6

Practical Use Case

• The previous practical use case provided for the filter() is less than ideal as we had to rely on two different function calls to obtain our desired result.
• In this implementation, we have the same goal as previous, extract the list of names of users living outside the United States from our response received from our API.
• In this case, we can reduce both filter() and map() method calls into a single function using the reduce() method.

const users = [
{
    'name': 'John Doe',
    'address': 'Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9',
    'country': 'Canada'
},
{
    'name': 'Jane Doe',
    'address': '1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20500',
    'country': 'United States'

},
{
    'name': 'Hannibal Lecter',
    'address': '10800 97 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5K 2B6',
    'country': 'Canada'

}]

const expatriates = users.reduce((result, user) => {
    // filter() equivalent
    if (user['country'] === 'United States') {
        return result
    }

    // map() equivalent
    result.push(user['name'])
    return result
}, initialValue = [])

• In this implementation, we do not add any value to the accumulator array, in this case we have called it result, thus successfully filtering out users who live outside the United States.
• Next, once we have passed the initial if statement check, we add the name of the user to the accumulator array.
• It is important that note that while you are able to return a single output from a reduce function, that return value can be an array by initializing the initial value to an empty array.
• Perhaps, my favourite explanation of the reduce() method suggested thinking of the accumulator as the previous value.

Credits

• This post would not have been possible without these wonderful tools and content creators
  • Mozilla Developer Network
  • Fireship
  • Repl.it