(Speaking as a monolingual native-speaker of English, so my advice can only go so far)
All of the terms you mention are important terms you'd come across in an introductory computer science class, so you could look at what textbooks are used at Polish universities and try reading through one. (If your goal is just to learn some terminology, you probably don't need to be picky -- probably any one would do).
Unfortunately, it's fairly possible that, because English is the lingua-franca of sciences (and especially so for C.S.) that they just use the English words, or possibly unhelpfully literal translations of them.
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(Speaking as a monolingual native-speaker of English, so my advice can only go so far)
All of the terms you mention are important terms you'd come across in an introductory computer science class, so you could look at what textbooks are used at Polish universities and try reading through one. (If your goal is just to learn some terminology, you probably don't need to be picky -- probably any one would do).
Unfortunately, it's fairly possible that, because English is the lingua-franca of sciences (and especially so for C.S.) that they just use the English words, or possibly unhelpfully literal translations of them.