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Dr. Azad Rasul
Dr. Azad Rasul

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14- Create Different Types of Plots Using Python

#programming #python #research #figure

In this tutorial, you learn to plot lineplot, barplot, pairplot, scatterplot, jointplot, piechart, boxplot, histogram, animated plot, different types of catplot (categorical plot). We use matplotlib, seaborn, and other libraries.

Firstly, download used data in this tutorial: london_borough_profiles1.csv , myPub.csv , and sar_data.csv

Import libraries and functions 

import re, seaborn as sns, numpy as np, pandas as pd, random, matplotlib as mpl, matplotlib.pyplot as plt, matplotlib.cbook as cbook, pandas_datareader as pdr

from pylab import *
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
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Timeplot (time series)

Plotting one variable time variation:

## Load time series data at Github.
df = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/a10.csv', parse_dates=['date'], index_col='date')

## define 'tplot' function
def tplot(df, x, y, title="", xlabel='Date', ylabel='Value', dpi=300):
    plt.figure(figsize=(16,5), dpi=dpi)
    plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', markerfacecolor='blue')
    plt.gca().set(title=title, xlabel=xlabel, ylabel=ylabel)
    plt.show()

tplot(df, x=df.index, y=df.value, title='Anti-diabetic sales in Australia from 1992 to 2008.')
plt.show()
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Seasonal Plot of a Time Series 


# Load Data
df = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/a10.csv', parse_dates=['date'], index_col='date')
df.reset_index(inplace=True)

# Prepare data
df['year'] = [d.year for d in df.date]
df['month'] = [d.strftime('%b') for d in df.date]
years = df['year'].unique()

# Prepare Colors
np.random.seed(50)
mycolors = np.random.choice(list(mpl.colors.XKCD_COLORS.keys()), len(years), replace=False)

# Draw Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(15,10), dpi= 300)
for i, y in enumerate(years):
    if i > 0:        
        plt.plot('month', 'value', data=df.loc[df.year==y, :], color=mycolors[i], label=y)
        plt.text(df.loc[df.year==y, :].shape[0]-.9, df.loc[df.year==y, 'value'][-1:].values[0], y, fontsize=12, color=mycolors[i])

# Decoration
plt.gca().set(xlim=(-0.3, 11), ylim=(2, 30), ylabel='Drug Sales', xlabel='Month')
plt.yticks(fontsize=12, alpha=.7)
plt.title("Seasonal plot of time series", fontsize=18)
plt.show()
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Plotting two variables time series: 


rs = np.random.RandomState(365) # create data
values = rs.randn(365, 2).cumsum(axis=0)
dates = pd.date_range("1 1 2021", periods=365, freq="D")
data = pd.DataFrame(values, dates, columns=["A", "B"])
data = data.rolling(7).mean()

sns.lineplot(data=data, palette="tab10", linewidth=2.5)
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Annotated heatmaps 


# Load the example flights dataset and convert to long-form
flights_long = sns.load_dataset("flights")
flights = flights_long.pivot("month", "year", "passengers")

# Draw a heatmap with the numeric values in each cell
f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 6))
sns.heatmap(flights, annot=True, fmt="d", linewidths=.5, ax=ax)
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Swarmplot

Swarmplot used to display distribution of attributes.

# Import csv file of data

df = pd.read_csv (r'D:\Python\Python_for_Researchers\london_borough_profiles1.csv', encoding='unicode_escape')
df.head()


# Create dataframe from some columns

df = df[['In_Out','Inner/_Outer_London', 'Happiness_score_2011-14_(out_of_10)', 'Anxiety_score_2011-14_(out_of_10)','Employment_rate_(%)_(2015)'
,'People_aged_17+_with_diabetes_(%)']]


# Cleaning data by change some names of columns

df.rename(columns={'Inner/_Outer_London': 'in_out','Happiness_score_2011-14_(out_of_10)':'happiness', 'Anxiety_score_2011-14_(out_of_10)':'anxiety', 'Employment_rate_(%)_(2015)':'employment','People_aged_17+_with_diabetes_(%)':'diabetes' }, inplace=True)

# Create some different data frames

df = df.reindex(columns=['diabetes', 'In_Out','in_out', 'happiness', 'anxiety', 'employment'])
df1 = df[['diabetes', 'happiness', 'anxiety']]
df2 = df[['in_out', 'employment', 'happiness', 'anxiety']]

# Create swarmplot using seaborn library

sns.swarmplot(data=df1)
plt.gca().set(ylabel='Value', xlabel='Indices') # set x and y labels
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Barplot

Presenting categorical data by bar chart or bar graph.

sns.barplot(data=df1)
plt.gca().set(ylabel='Value', xlabel='Indices')
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Stacked Barplot 

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
men_av = [23, 25, 33, 30, 18]
women_av = [15, 22, 30, 10, 15]
std_m = [1, 2.5, 3, 1, 1.5]
std_w = [2, 4, 1.5, 2, 2.5]
width = 0.5       # the width of the bars: can also be len(x) sequence

fig, ba = plt.subplots()

ba.bar(labels, men_av, width, yerr=std_m, label='Men')
ba.bar(labels, women_av, width, yerr=std_w,
       label='Women')

ba.set_ylabel('Scores')
ba.set_title('Scores by group and gender')
ba.legend()

plt.show()
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Pairplot

Pairplot used to presents the distribution of variables and relationships between variables.

sns.pairplot(data=df2, hue='in_out')
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Scatterplot

Scatter plot shows the relationship between two variables.

sns.scatterplot(data=df2, x = 'employment',y= 'happiness', hue='in_out')
plt.legend(title="", loc=8)
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3D Scatterplot 

sns.set_style("whitegrid", {'axes.grid' : False})
fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig) # Method 1
#ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d') # Method 2
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Create x, y, and z NumPy array data

X = np.array([0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 22, 26, 24, 14, 30])
Y = np.array([0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 22, 24, 26, 30, 20])
Z = np.array([3, 5, 11, 10, 12, 4, 5, 17, 10, 13])
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Get colormap from seaborn

cmap = ListedColormap(sns.color_palette("husl", 256).as_hex())
g = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z, c=X, s= 50, marker='o', cmap = cmap, alpha = 1)
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Set x, y and z labels

ax.set_xlabel('X Label')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Label')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Label')
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Add a color bar which maps values to colors.

fig.colorbar( g, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)
plt.show()
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Image description

Scatter plot with varying marker colors and sizes

Load data (^DJI stooq) from Pandas datareader

data = pdr.DataReader('^DJI', 'stooq')# Data of ^DJI stooq market
data
data = data[-365:] # get the most recent 365 days data
delta1 = np.diff(data.Close) / data.Close[:-1] # price of close day / price of close day before
volume = (15 * data.Volume[:-2] / data.Volume[0])**2
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Set color for 363 days from seaborn (color palette) library

colors = sns.color_palette("Set3", 363)
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Plotting to scatter plot:

fig, pl = plt.subplots()
pl.scatter(delta1[:-1], delta1[1:], color=colors, s=volume, alpha = 0.5)
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Set x, y labels and title:

pl.set_xlabel(r'Δi', fontsize=12)
pl.set_ylabel(r'Δi+1', fontsize=12)
pl.xaxis.label.set_color('midnightblue')
pl.yaxis.label.set_color('midnightblue')
pl.set_title('Scatter plot of ^DJI stooq with volume and price change')
pl.grid(True)
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Set x, y limittion

pl.axis([-0.025, 0.025, -0.025, 0.025]) # xlim , ylim
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
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Jointplot

Besides shows the relationship between dependent variable(Y) and independent variable(X), it disples the distribution of X and Y.

# Linear regression
x = (1,3,5, 2, 9, 11)
y = (2,4,6, 3, 8, 10)
sns.jointplot (x=x, y=y, data =df , kind = "reg")
plt.gca().set(ylabel='Y', xlabel='X')
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Piechart 

# create data
names='A', 'B', 'C', 'D',
values=[5, 15, 30, 50]

# create a pieplot
plt.pie(values, labels = names, labeldistance=1.15, shadow=True, startangle=90, autopct='%1.1f%%')# Label distance: gives the space between labels and the center of the pie
plt.show()
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Boxplot 

df = pd.read_csv (r'D:\Python\Python_for_Researchers\sar_data.csv', encoding='unicode_escape')
df.head()

sns.boxplot(data=df,palette=["m", "g"])
sns.despine(offset=10, trim=True)
plt.gca().set(ylabel='Value', xlabel='Sensor')
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Histogram

It represents the distribution of numerical data.

bio = [-2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 5, 5, 5,6 , 7, 9, 7, 5, 10, 15] # create data

sns.set_style('darkgrid') # set grid style
his = sns.distplot(bio)
his.set_xlabel('Value', fontsize=12) # set x label
his.set_ylabel('Frequency', fontsize=12) # set y label
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Image description

Animated plot in Python 

# read the data 
data = pd.read_csv(r'd://myPub1.csv')
# Check the first 5 rows
data.head(5)

# And I need to transform my categorical column (continent) in a numerical value group1->1, group2->2...
data['Open']=pd.Categorical(data['Open'])

# For each year:
for i in data.Year.unique():

    # Turn interactive plotting off
    plt.ioff()

    # initialize a figure
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))

    # Find the subset of the dataset for the current year
    subsetData = data[ data.Year == i ]

    # Build the scatterplot
    plt.scatter(
        x=subsetData['Cum_Publications'], 
        y=subsetData['Cum_Citations'], 
        s=subsetData['Cum_Citations']*15, 
        edgecolors="white", linewidth=2, color = 'midnightblue')

    # Add titles (main and on axis)
    plt.yscale('linear')
    plt.xlabel("Publication")
    plt.ylabel("Citation"),
    plt.title("Azad Rasul's Cumulative Publications and Citations during: "+str(i) )
    plt.ylim(-50, 500)
    plt.xlim(0, 25)

    # Save it & close the figure
    filename='/Users/Azad/Desktop/test/myPubCum'+str(i)+'.png'
    plt.savefig(fname=filename, dpi=96)
    plt.gca()
    plt.close(fig)
# conver to gif video online: https://gifmaker.me/
# After a list of png figures downloaded to your computer,  
# you can convert them to gif video online, for example in this webste: https://gifmaker.me/
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Image description

Animated scatterplot 

# read the data (on the web)
data = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/The-Python-Graph-Gallery/master/static/data/gapminderData.csv')

# Check the first 2 rows
data.head(10)


# And I need to transform my categorical column (continent) in a numerical value group1->1, group2->2...
data['continent']=pd.Categorical(data['continent'])

# Set the figure size
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))

# Subset of the data for year 1952
data1952 = data[ data.year == 1952 ]

# image resolution
dpi=96

# For each year:
for i in data.year.unique():

    # Turn interactive plotting off
    plt.ioff()

    # initialize a figure
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(680/dpi, 480/dpi), dpi=dpi)

    # Find the subset of the dataset for the current year
    subsetData = data[ data.year == i ]

    # Build the scatterplot
    plt.scatter(
        x=subsetData['lifeExp'], 
        y=subsetData['gdpPercap'], 
        s=subsetData['pop']/200000 , 
        c=subsetData['continent'].cat.codes, 
        cmap="Accent", alpha=0.6, edgecolors="white", linewidth=2)

    # Add titles (main and on axis)
    plt.yscale('log')
    plt.xlabel("Life Expectancy")
    plt.ylabel("GDP per Capita")
    plt.title("Year: "+str(i) )
#    plt.ylim(0,100000)
    plt.xlim(30, 90)

    # Save it & close the figure
    filename='/Users/Azad/Desktop/test/Gapminder_step'+str(i)+'.png'
    plt.savefig(fname=filename, dpi=96)
    plt.gca()
    plt.close(fig)
# conver to gif video online: https://gifmaker.me/
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Image description

Categorical data (catplot)

If the variables are “categorical” (divided into discrete groups) it may be advantageous to use catplot. We can change the plot type by change: "kind" to violin, swarm, boxen, strip, box, point, bar or count.

Violin Catplot

Load titanic.csv file from load_dataset function in Seaborn library.

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic") # load titanic csv file from seaborn lab

g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",  # catigorize and change the color by alive column data
                data=titanic, kind='violin', legend_out=False) # legend_out = Faluse to move legend to inside the plot
plt.legend(title="Alive", loc=1) # Location: 'upper right':1
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Swarm Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic") # load data

g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='swarm', legend_out=False)
plt.axis([-1, 3, 0, 90]) # xlim , ylim
plt.legend(title="Alive", loc=9) # Location: 'upper center':9
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Boxen Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='boxen', legend_out = False)
plt.axis([-1, 3, 0, 90]) # xlim , ylim
plt.legend(title='Alive', loc = 9)
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Strip Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='strip', legend_out=False)

plt.axis([-1, 3, 0, 90]) # xlim , ylim
plt.legend(title='Alive', loc = 9)
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Box Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='box')
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Point Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='point', legend_out = False)
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Bar Catplot 

titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
g = sns.catplot(x='pclass', y="age",
                hue="alive",
                data=titanic, kind='bar', legend_out = False)
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Count Catplot 

sns.catplot( x='embark_town',
             kind="count",
             hue= "sex",
             data=titanic,
             height=5,
             aspect=1.5, legend_out = False)
plt.xlabel("Embark town", size=14)
plt.ylabel("Count", size=14)
#plt.tight_layout()
plt.legend(title="Gender", loc=9) # Location: 'upper center':9
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