Exception Handling

Exception Handling
When an error occurs, or exception as we call it, Python will normally stop and generate an error message.
These exceptions can be handled using the try statement:
Example:
The try block will generate an exception because x is not defined:
try:
print(x)
except:
print("An exception occurred")

Since the try block raises an error, the except block will be executed.
Without the try block, the program will crash and raise an error:

Many Exceptions
You can define as many exception blocks as you want, e.g. if you want to execute a special block of code for a special kind of error:

Example
Print one message if the try block raises a NameError and another for other errors:

try:
print(x)
except NameError:
print("Variable x is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")

Else
You can use the else keyword to define a block of code to be executed if no errors were raised:

Example
In this example, the try block does not generate any error:

try:
print("Hello")
except:
print("Something went wrong")
else:
print("Nothing went wrong")

Finally
The final block, if specified, will be executed regardless if the try block raises an error or not.

Example
try:
print(x)
except:
print("Something went wrong")
finally:
print("The 'try except' is finished")

Raise an exception
As a Python developer, you can choose to throw an exception if a condition occurs.

To throw (or raise) an exception, use the raise keyword.

Example
Raise an error and stop the program if x is lower than 0:

x = -1

if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
The raise keyword is used to raise an exception.

You can define what kind of error to raise, and the text to print to the user.

Example
Raise a TypeError if x is not an integer:

x = "hello"

if not type(x) is int:
raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")